A Case Study of Media Bias

Question: Examine about theCase Study of Media Bias. Answer: Presentation Biasness is a revile and it can transform into a danger whenever reflected completely by the prevailing press. Any type of biasness over the span of educating the overall population ought to be considered as a methods for rendering negative effect. It is imperative that a news report, particularly as a type of prevailing press, ought to advise the perusers or the crowd about something that really occurred. On the propriety of data depends the nature of a news report. A total image of the occasion must be introduced by a quality news report. Be that as it may, at whatever point a news report is inadequate and it anticipates just one side of the story, it ought to be viewed as a one-sided one. One such case of one-sided news report might be found in one of the reports distributed by The New York Times. In the news story, Earth Sets a Temperature Record for the Third Straight Year, Gillis has demonstrated that biasness can really transform a news report into an inadequate and improper o ne. Perusers frequently expect that at whatever point they are perusing something identified with science and condition, they are really perusing the translation and clarification of established truths and figures either as measurements or other numerical computations. A similar desire has been activated by the concerned article, yet the perusers have not been mollified in this regard. What's more, this is principally on the grounds that; the whole news story is pervaded with biasness of the creator and the distributing authority. In the article, Earth Sets a Temperature Record for the Third Straight Year, Gillis has guaranteed that, Marking another achievement for an evolving planet, researchers gave an account of Wednesday that the Earth arrived at its most noteworthy temperature on record in 2016, trouncing a record set just a year sooner, which beat one set in 2014. In spite of the fact that such case may appear to be a profound one, the creator has really encapsulated through the ca se just the quintessence of biasness. Such a case has not really been demonstrated logically in the article, transforming the article into a one-sided one. Biasness might be characterized as The condition one-sided; tendency to a specific side; favoritism (Biasness). With regards to media, biasness may show unjustified preference to any issue or data (Lavasseur). This has been the situation with the concerned news story. It is significant that sheer partiality and bereft of rationale, both are apparent in the cases made by Gillis in the article, and consequently, the paper article ought to be viewed as a one-sided one. Gillis has announced that, for the third year straight, 2016 was the most sizzling year, and however perusers may expect that such a case would be upheld by statistical data points; really it has not been so. There have been no numbers, estimations, or factual estimates either supporting or deciphering the case that Gillis has made in the article. It must be noticed t hat Gillis has submitted two explicit types of inclination while composing the news story, viz. inclination by exclusion and predisposition by determination of sources (Media Bias). Predisposition by oversight can happen either inside a story, or over the long haul as a specific media source reports one lot of occasions, yet not another (Media Bias). Inclination by choice of sources allude to the act of including or alluding to just those sources that help one specific perspective of the journalist (Media Bias). Submitting the biasness by oversight, Gillis has neglected to furnish the perusers with any similar data in regards to the temperature rise. The perusers are not determined what the normal worldwide temperature was or what had been the level of increment in temperature. Indicating the nearness of biasness by oversight, Gillis has additionally not given any factual figure seeing which the perusers may really decide whether 2016 was extremely perhaps the most smoking year in a straight column. In addition, implying on the nearness of biasness by choice of point, Gillis, in the news story, has really alluded to some particular specialists, forgetting about the perspectives on other people who may have been in restriction of the proposed actuality. Interestingly, in the article, so as to reinforce the case, Gillis has just referenced those specialists and sources that have affirmed that 2016 had been among the most sizzling years. Yet, no place in the article has the correspondent explicitly referenced sources that have either contradicted or tested the case. This is a pointer to the way that Gillis has been one-sided in his methodology towards the natural issue, and his biasness has been reflected all through his news story. Works Cited Biasness. Wordnik. Web. 5 Feb. 2017. Gillis, Justin. Earth Sets A Temperature Record For The Third Straight Year. The New York Times 2017. Web. 5 Feb. 2017. Levasseur, David G. Point Page: Media Bias. Philosophy Reference. N.p., 2008. Web. 5 Feb. 2017. Journalistic spin. Understudy News Daily. N.p., 2017. Web. 5 Feb. 2017.

Free Essays on George Washington As A Military Leader

George Washington was conceived on his father’s domain in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the oldest child of a wealthy Virginia rancher, Augustine Washington, by his subsequent spouse, Mary Ball. The Washington family was plummeted from two siblings, John and Lawrence Washington, who emigrated from Britain to Virginia in 1657. The family’s ascend to unobtrusive riches in three ages was the consequence of consistent application to cultivating, land purchasing, and improvement of neighborhood ventures. Youthful George appears to have gotten a large portion of his tutoring from his dad and, after the father’s passing in 1743, from his senior relative Lawrence. The kid had a preferring for science, and he applied it to obtaining an information on looking over, which was a aptitude extraordinarily sought after in a nation where individuals were looking for new terrains in the West. For the Virginians of that time the West implied primarily the upper Ohio River valley. For a mind-blowing duration, George Washington kept up an unmistakable fascination for the advancement of these western grounds, and every now and then he gained properties there. George grew up to be a tall, solid youngster, who exceeded expectations in open air interests, preferred music and dramatic exhibitions, and was a play clumsy with young ladies yet attached to moving. His main impetus was the aspiration to pick up riches and prominence and to progress admirably whatever he set his hand to. George Washington was the primary leader of the United States and one of the most significant pioneers in United States history. His job in picking up autonomy for the American settlements and later in bringing together them under the new U.S. central government can't be overestimated. Working against incredible troubles, he made the Continental Armed force, which battled and won the American Revolution out of what was minimal more than an equipped crowd. Following an eight-year battle, his structure for triumph carried last thrashing to the English at Yorktown, Virginia, and power... Free Essays on George Washington As A Military Leader Free Essays on George Washington As A Military Leader George Washington was conceived on his father’s home in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. He was the oldest child of a wealthy Virginia rancher, Augustine Washington, by his subsequent spouse, Mary Ball. The Washington family was slipped from two siblings, John and Lawrence Washington, who emigrated from Britain to Virginia in 1657. The family’s ascend to humble riches in three ages was the consequence of consistent application to cultivating, land purchasing, and improvement of neighborhood enterprises. Youthful George appears to have gotten the majority of his tutoring from his dad and, after the father’s passing in 1743, from his senior relative Lawrence. The kid had a preferring for science, and he applied it to obtaining an information on studying, which was a expertise incredibly sought after in a nation where individuals were looking for new grounds in the West. For the Virginians of that time the West implied primarily the upper Ohio River valley. For a mind-blowing duration, George Washington kept up a distinct fascination for the improvement of these western grounds, and occasionally he obtained properties there. George grew up to be a tall, solid youngster, who exceeded expectations in open air interests, loved music and showy exhibitions, and was a fool clumsy with young ladies yet partial to moving. His main impetus was the desire to pick up riches and greatness and to progress admirably whatever he set his hand to. George Washington was the primary leader of the United States and one of the most significant pioneers in United States history. His job in picking up freedom for the American provinces and later in binding together them under the new U.S. central government can't be overestimated. Working against extraordinary troubles, he made the Continental Armed force, which battled and won the American Revolution out of what was minimal more than an equipped crowd. Following an eight-year battle, his structure for triumph carried last thrashing to the English at Yorktown, Virginia, and power...

Trust and Religion Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trust and Religion Counseling - Essay Example The issue is that the trust that once broken is so hard to reestablish, and now and then it is never reestablished. When my companion needed to take care of an issue in his family, I exhorted him to counsel an advisor, who additionally happened to be my closest companion. My companion uncovered the story to the guide and looked for the best exhortation. Be that as it may, the advisor, who was with no expert morals, revealed even the moment subtleties to me. Here, the trust is broken and the trust lessening conduct of the advisor is the purpose for the issue. The trust decreasing conduct from either side may bring about the impermanent or changeless break in a relationship. There are such a large number of components that fortify the trust-building measures, and on account of the negative impact of these elements, it is progressively hard to keep up the trust. To keep up a sound relationship the characteristics that an individual must have are: word keeping propensity, keeping genuineness in correspondence, regarding the different person’s aptitudes and capacities, and unguarded collaboration. The satisfaction of the desires from either side fortifies the trust and carelessness of desires seriously influences the trust. There are sure factors that contrarily impact the trust. Disguising the genuine thought process and to act, for example to imagine as a reliable individual and hide the genuine thought process is simply cheating. Now and then, applicable data might be curved or distorted for individual advantage. This demeanor prompts misconception among individuals and ruins trust. Commanding inclination and rowdiness additionally upset the devel opment of trust. Tolerating the credit for other people, work make misconception and at last to doubt. The most remarkable factor which frustrates trust is tattling. In light of wild inclination to make prattles about others, once, my companion had to go to a guiding meeting. After three progressive meetings, he had the option to withstand the awful habit.â

Desciptive Essay Samples and Improving Grammar

Desciptive Essay Samples and Improving GrammarDesciptive essay samples have long been used in preparing personal and professional essays. The number of examples of which I can write has always decreased as my knowledge of English education and writing and my need for longer examples continues to increase.As far as writing is concerned, I've seen much in the way of sloppy and inelegant writing in some of my students, teachers, and teachers' children. Some of these have shown marked improvement since I assigned them a few hours of writing time. Perhaps, some of this is a little more psychological than anything else.Writing for long essays today isn't about choosing one's words carefully. It's about choosing those words without sacrificing meaning or functionality. Sometimes this requires not using lengthy and irrelevant keywords. In these situations it seems to me that even though the student would like to have the essay out in the world as soon as possible, the very fact that the essa y might be ruined by improper keyword selection or spelling, might be a deterrent.Fortunately I haven't yet seen any school or college instructor who has created a rule that you must write an essay with a few minutes to spare. With the proper help and support, however, it can be done. Although with a few of my current students I've written a couple of essays in just a few minutes, with others it has taken twice as long. Of course it can take more than a couple of minutes, but to make things easier, most of these students have more than one essay due at a given time.When writing long essays, there is a very important part of the writing process which is learning to become proficient at the necessary talent of capturing what is going on in your mind, creating complex sentences, and also managing to convey ideas clearly to others. For this there are some simple exercises, which should be practiced and/or taught to students. Some of these are discussed in my books, as well as through my staff. The more that students become familiar with these strategies, the more confidence they will develop to write longer and complex essays.Learning how to write well also means learning how to listen as well. Even if you aren't consciously paying attention, your brain is doing what it is supposed to do, which is to produce the best possible version of your ideas. This is a skill that can be developed with practice with an eye to mastering it. It's not only an important skill in the writing process, but also a skill that is essential in the listening process. This makes it a skill that is necessary if you want to find success in any area of life.Students who are well-read in literature, history, and other related subjects tend to have very clear and concise essays. On the other hand, students who are not highly skilled at the art of eloquence (or with which to achieve that skill) often end up with long paragraphs, or worse, poor grammar. These skills are also critical in writing professionally.

A Brief Note On The Online Shopping Experience - 1073 Words

Introduction Online shopping has become increasingly popular throughout the years due to the convenience and accessibility that it is able to provide its users and the business with. With more people switching from offline to online shopping and the lack of a physical staff to aid in the purchasing process, it is important that the organizations ensure their website provides ease of use for customers, from viewing the products to the check-out process. Therefore, I will be analyzing both Zalora and Asos’s online store. 6.1 Online Shopping Experience While shopping online, there are some information that users often look for and these includes the delivery prices, contact numbers of the business and whether they are eligible for any form of discounts. On the Zalora website, these are the few information that can be easily seen as soon as users enter their web page. (Refer to appendix 1). Unlike Zalora, the Asos website requires users to search for the various tabs in order to locate the information mentioned above, providing users with lesser convenience. Secondly, Zalora only allows users to choose the different apparel categories such as â€Å"Tops†, â€Å"Dresses† and â€Å"Outerwear† after they have clicked into the preferred gender category. But, on the Asos web page, customers are able to choose the various categories simply by hovering their cursor over the Gender option. Zalora may be lacking in this section in comparison to Asos. Thirdly, sizing issues. While looking at theShow MoreRelatedOnline Purchase Motivation Behaviors From Conscientious Shoppers Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesRelationship between Personality traits and Online Shopping Motivations, observes the different purchasing behaviors from Conscientious shoppers and Extravert shoppers while shopping online. 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So, the importance become clear of service profit chain becomes tangible becau se it can be directly linked to the value your employees and customers feel and can impact your operating costs and your customer retention. Loyalty Creation In a highly competitive industry, where consumers are constantly shopping around to find the best deal for their money, brandsRead MoreThe Good Old Paper and Pencil1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe Good Old Paper and Pencil In this decade, technology knowledge is a necessity to be able to perform duties such as grocery shopping, navigating around town, or research for schoolwork. Computers are involved in every aspect of our lives. People use computers to analyze graphs for the economy, write novels, and implement the needs of every human on the planet. 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The Rape of Proserpina and Eves Fall in Miltons...

The Rape of Proserpina and Eves Fall in Miltons Paradise Lost She pluckd, she eat (PL IX.781). With these four monosyllables, Milton succinctly announces the Fall of Eve in Paradise Lost. Eves Fall, however, is far more complex than a simple act of eating, for her disobedience represents a much greater loss of chastity. Indeed, Milton implies that the Fall is a violation not only of Gods sole commandment but also of Eve herself, for Milton implicitly equates Diss ravishment of Proserpina with Satans seduction of Eve. Milton weaves the Proserpina myth, as told by Ovid in his Metamorphoses, throughout Paradise Lost as a trope for rape and Eves loss of virginity, and this culminates in a metaphorical construction of the Fall as†¦show more content†¦Ovid begins: Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae,nomine Pergus, aquae; [. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ] perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco ludit et aut violas aut candida lilia carpit, dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque inplet et aequales certat superare legendo, paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti. (Metamorphoses V.385-95) 1 Miltons negative syntax, therefore, not only draws us away from Ovids Enna but also propels us toward it, for Ovid too employs a negative construction: Not far from Ennas walls [. . .] (Met. V.385-6). Furthermore, Miltons progression from the active participle gathring to the passive gatherd mirrors Ovids progression from legendo (gathering) to rapta (she has been taken). In addition, Milton directly prefaces the above passage with thEternal Spring (PL IV.268), much as Ovid tells us that spring is eternal (perpetuum ver est). What resonates in Miltons description, however, are not the enumerated similarities between Eden and Enna but that which Milton leaves unmentioned—the striking comparison between Eve and Proserpina, between Satans seduction of our mother and Diss ravishment of Ovids goddess. Milton does not explicitly compare Proserpina to Eve, yet the obvious parallel between these two innocent gardeners preyed upon by dark forces is a potent subtext. Indeed, upon completing his

Promotion of Conflict Management Strategies

Question: Describe about promotion of conflict management strategies in terms of modern business? Answer: Ideas of the article 1. Conflict management is regarded as a positive force in the organization if handled with efficiency and strategically. Most of the people often resolve the conflict in a mutually acceptable way but have failed to practice advanced techniques such as give and take which should be made the prime strategy to focus upon.2. The reason for conflicts lies inherently in organizational cultural changes leading to differentiated interpersonal conflicts. Unresolved conflicts may lead to destruction of relationships, disintegration of company or hostility. It disturbs the equilibrium of the organization. Controlled conflicts can lead to creativity, better relations, innovations and changes. It leads to enhanced production and flexibility.3. Conflicts can be socially positive or socially negative. Positive view is inspired by pluralism in the society that everyone has a right to express individual views having multiple power centers. Therefore, conflicts are an efficient way to confront each ot her and take responsibilities of ones stance. On the other hand, giving regard to human relations and some traits like satisfaction, motivation, personality views conflicts as disturbance elements and a medium to break communication. 4. Conflicts in an organization are made up of a situation (climate of content danger of emergence) and actions (manner of conflict expression) following it.5. Conflicts can be organizational (horizontal because of lack of harmonization or vertical because of psychological distance, or differences in ideology or autocratic leadership) or personal (intrapersonal cause by conflict of goals, motives, perceptions, experiences, interpersonal because of differences in opinions, perceptions, attitudes etc. and role conflict over one position, different positions or differences in personality and roles).6. Conflicts can be within the group or among different groups. It can be also demarcated as cognitive or affective with one being related to problems and other with personal intolerance, hatred etc. It can also be functional or dysfunctional, one being a source of creative tension for non stagnancy of organization and other being aggressive stance and harmful for the organization. Conflicts can be also be of interests, values or both.7. The conflict have various phases like creation of conflict or latent phase leading because of any of the reason, expression of conflict as personalization of conflicts and development of feelings, open phase of action and post conflict phase having resolutions.8. Conflicts have functional and dysfunctional effects. It improves decision making, promotes organizational change, enhances work transparency (Burton, 1990), intensifies group cohesion and on the other side may reduce the communication, diverts the attention form organizational goals, disturbs normal functioning or creates adverse conditions. 9. Conflict resolution can be in a way when one party wins over another, both parties calm down the conflict and a method of conflict solution. There are two strategic programmed resolution methods such as dialectic methods (debates) and the Devils Advocate (person as a critic) (Thomas, 1992). Other techniques can be competition (selfish and victory-defeat situation), collaboration (cooperative and win-win situation), avoidance (selfless), adjustment (selfless and cooperative, loose-win), and compromise (middle ground).10. As a result of findings, people resort to cooperation as the most sought technique followed by adjustment and avoidance being on the least priority. People have resorted to modern techniques to conflict resolution being a primary strategy. Value of information The information about conflicts being positive or negative is an important concept regarding the organization as it would lead to formulation of further policies. It is valuable for the company to devise effective conflict resolution strategies with the help of information provided. The functional and dysfunctional aspects of the conflicts are really important for the organizational success. The conflict resolution strategies provided in the text would be really helpful for the organization to compromise and collaborate with the team mates to come up on coherent decisions and solutions. Relation of information with management career The conflict management and resolution techniques provided along with source and types of conflicts would aid in formulating personal strategies in the management career or routine life. Conflicts are inevitable be it an organization or routine job and therefore, reading about the conflict management strategies is the need of the hour. The formalized and specialized strategies of conflict resolution relates with the management scenario of the modern and contemporary times which motivates alleviating the disturbances caused by conflicts in the workplaces. Cooperation within the conflicting teams should be the prime aim of the contemporary era. Having an open communication and dialectic means (Amason, 1995) of conflict management can be adopted in the modern organizations for handling the tasks in a responsible manner and maintain the equilibrium of the company. If there are conflicts in a project team, the leader should act as a conflict handler to implement innovative strategies so m ake the opposing teams debate openly and come up with cooperative solutions in the presence of the team leader. Authors The authors of the text are Srdan Zikic (Assistant Professor), Aneta Marinovic (Assistant Professor) and Igor Trandafilovic (Assistant Professor). Reliability of Information The information provided in the paper is quite reliable in terms of authenticity and dependability. It has been crafted after dwelling deeper into inherent concepts and theories for conflict sources, management and resolution. The information in the paper had been collaborated work from various reliable sources and have been referenced from authentic journals, books or texts. The strategies provided have been identified as prime strategies for conflict management in the workplace. Advances in conflict management theories Discovery invites is a strategy of modern era in which conflicts (Daniels, 2001) can be resolved by the means of learning. Discovering the problems would be a challenging and fascinating methodology for conflict management. Mediation methods can help to fight in a fair manner. This involves being objective, supportive, without judging, and steer processing. Internet based relational approach is for making good relations as priority (Likert, 1976) by keeping problems separate from people. Facts are set out to explore the opinions. References 1. Burton, J. W. (1990).Conflict: Resolution and provention (Vol. 1990). Macmillan.2. Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and conflict management: Reflections and update.Journal of organizational behavior, 13(3), 265-274.3. Amason, A. C., Thompson, K. R., Hochwarter, W. A., Harrison, A. W. (1995). Conflict: An important dimension in successful management teams.Organizational Dynamics,24(2), 20-35.4. Daniels, S. E., Walker, G. B. (2001). Working through environmental conflict: The collaborative learning approach.5. Likert, R., Likert, J. G. (1976).New ways of managing conflict. McGraw-Hill.

The Viking Age Has Long Been Associated With Unbridled Piracy, Essays

The Viking age has long been associated with unbridled piracy, when freebooters swarmed out of the northlands in their longships to burn and pillage their way across civilized Europe. Modern scholarship provides evidence this is a gross simplification, and that during this period much progress was achieved in terms of Scandinavian art and craftsmanship, marine technology, exploration, and the development of commerce. It seems the Vikings did as much trading as they did raiding. The title "Viking" encompasses a wide designation of Nordic people; Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, who lived during a period of brisk Scandinavian expansion in the middle ages, from approximately 800 to 1100 AD. This name may be derived from the old Norse vik(bay or creek). These people came from what is now Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and had a self-sustaining, agricultural society, where farming and cattle breeding were supplemented by hunting, fishing, the extraction of iron and the quarrying of rock to make whetstones and cooking utensils; some goods, however, had to be traded; salt, for instance, which is a necessity for man and cattle alike, is an everyday item and thus would not have been imported from a greater distance than necessary, while luxury items could be brought in from farther south in Europe. Their chief export products were, iron, whetstones, and soapstone cooking pots, these were an essential contribution to a trade growth in the Viking age. The contemporary references we have about the Vikings stem mainly from sources in western Europe who had bitter experiences with the invaders, so we're most likely presented with the worst side of the Vikings. Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of homesteads, farms, and marketplaces, where discarded or lost articles tell of a common everyday life. As the Viking period progressed, society changed; leading Chieftain families accumulated sufficient land and power to form the basis for kingdoms, and the first towns were founded. These market places and towns were based on craftsmanship and trade. Even though the town dwelling Vikings kept cattle, farmed, and fished to meet their household needs, the towns probably depended on agricultural supplies from outlying areas. They also unfortunately did not pay as much attention to renovation and waste disposal as they did to town planning, as evidenced by the thick layers of waste around settlements. In contemporary times the stench must have been nauseating. Trade, however, was still plentiful, even in periods when Viking raids abounded, trade was conducted between Western Europe and the Viking homeland; an example of this being the North Norwegian chieftain, Ottar, and King Alfred of Wessex. Ottar visited King Alfred as a peaceful trader at the same time as Alfred was waging war with other Viking chieftains. The expansion of the Vikings was probably triggered by a population growth out stepping the capacities of domestic resources. Archaeological evidence shows that new farms were cleared in sparsely populated forests at the time of their expansion. The abundance of iron in their region and their ability to forge it into weapons and arm everyone setting off on raids helped give the Vikings the upper hand in most battles. The first recorded Viking raid occurred in 793 AD, the holy island of the Lindisfarne monastery just off the Northeast shoulder of England was pillaged, around the same time, there are recorded reports of raids elsewhere in Europe. There are narratives of raids in the Mediterranean, and as far as the Caspian Sea. Norsemen from Kiev even attempted an attack on Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Unfortunately, in the picture handed down to us in written accounts, the Vikings are portrayed as terrible robbers and bandits, this is strictly a single sided view; and, while the above statement is probably true, they had other traits as well. Some of their leaders were very skillful organizers, as evidenced by the fact that they were able to establish kingdoms in already-conquered territories. Some of these, such as the ones established in Dublin and York did not survive the Viking period; Iceland, however, is still a thriving nation. The Viking Kingdom in Kiev formed the basis of the Russian Empire. The remains of fortresses dated to the end of the Viking period, have been found in Denmark; the fortresses are circular and are divided into quadrants, with square buildings in each of the four sections. The precision with which these castles were placed indicates an advanced sense of order, and a knowledge of surveying techniques and geometry in the Danish Kingdom. The farthest westward drive occurred around 1000 AD, when people from Iceland or Greenland attempted to plant roots in the North coast of Newfoundland in North America, however, conflicts

Free Essays on Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence The King of Britain has committed many injuries and usurpation’s on the 13 Colonies, for he is a prince-whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant. The Declaration of Independence, was written to establish the basis of the revolution that the colonists were planning, and enacting, it expressed the reasons for which the colonists claimed as factors for their wants to be independent. The document was divided into three major parts: the first section contained a statement of principle that discussed the rights of man and the legitimacy of revolution; the second presented a long list of grievances that provided the rationale for rebellion; and the third/last portion of the declaration included the formal announcement of independence. The 1st Section of the Declaration discussed the rights of man and the legitimacy of revolution. The Declaration most significantly declared that â€Å"All men are created equal† and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain rights to enjoy â€Å"life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.† Moreover, the Declaration argues that government must be representative of the people and is limited in power by a recognition of basic political rights. If when a government violates these people’s natural rights, the people have the additional right to hereby â€Å"alter or to abolish that government.† Thereof, the wanting of a â€Å"Democracy† among the 13 colonies. In contrast, the present King of Great Britain has forever elongated a series of usurpation’s that evinces a design to increase absolute despotism by neglecting to attend to the needs of his colonies and to their o so unalienable rights. Evenmore, controversial to the accusations made against the present King were a long list of specific grievances that provided the rationale for rebellion. These grievances were evidence to evince that the colonists rights... Free Essays on Declaration Of Independence Free Essays on Declaration Of Independence The Declaration of Independence was written to show a new theory of government, reasons why they were separating from England, and a formal declaration of war. It gave the 13 colonies freedom from England's laws. The man responsible for writing the Declaration was Thomas Jefferson. He wrote the Declaration between June 11, 1776 and June 28, 1776. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams looked at what Jefferson had written and made some changes to the Declaration. On July 4, 1776 Congress adopted the Declaration and it was signed by: John Hancock, Button Gwinnett, Lyman hall, George Walton, Wm Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn, Edward Rutledge, Thos Heyward Jr., Thomas Lynch Jr., Arthur Middleton, Samuel Chase, Thos. Stone , George Wythe, Charles Carrol of Carrollton, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thos Nelson Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton, Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, Georg e Ross, Caesar Rodney, George Read, Tho M. Kean, Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris, Richard Stockton, Jno.WItherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark, Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry, Stephan Hopkins, William Ellery, Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott, and Matthew Thorton. The reason people wanted the Declaration was because the people thought that they had the right to be free from England and to be their own individual colonies with their own laws. Other things leading up to independence were that the British government had committed acts that many colonists believed violated their rights as English subjects. Also that colonial blood had already been shed trying to defend these rights. The French & Indian war was the war that shed colonists blood to defend their rights. The Declaration of Independence served three major purposes. 1. Pream... Free Essays on Declaration Of Independence Declaration of Independence The King of Britain has committed many injuries and usurpation’s on the 13 Colonies, for he is a prince-whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant. The Declaration of Independence, was written to establish the basis of the revolution that the colonists were planning, and enacting, it expressed the reasons for which the colonists claimed as factors for their wants to be independent. The document was divided into three major parts: the first section contained a statement of principle that discussed the rights of man and the legitimacy of revolution; the second presented a long list of grievances that provided the rationale for rebellion; and the third/last portion of the declaration included the formal announcement of independence. The 1st Section of the Declaration discussed the rights of man and the legitimacy of revolution. The Declaration most significantly declared that â€Å"All men are created equal† and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain rights to enjoy â€Å"life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.† Moreover, the Declaration argues that government must be representative of the people and is limited in power by a recognition of basic political rights. If when a government violates these people’s natural rights, the people have the additional right to hereby â€Å"alter or to abolish that government.† Thereof, the wanting of a â€Å"Democracy† among the 13 colonies. In contrast, the present King of Great Britain has forever elongated a series of usurpation’s that evinces a design to increase absolute despotism by neglecting to attend to the needs of his colonies and to their o so unalienable rights. Evenmore, controversial to the accusations made against the present King were a long list of specific grievances that provided the rationale for rebellion. These grievances were evidence to evince that the colonists rights... Free Essays on Declaration of Independence In 1775 Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. The purpose of the Declaration was to declare and explain why the thirteen colonies were breaking away from Great Britain’s control. In this essay I will explain how Jefferson uses rhetorical strategies to make his document persuasive. Jefferson starts off the Declaration of Independence by explaining why he is writing this manifesto. He starts to tell what is wanted by the colonies. He talks about the rights and powers they are deserved and should have. Jefferson says, â€Å"†¦, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† (591). He then goes into tell how it’s also the right of the colonies to break away form Great Britain if Great Britain is not treating the colonies well. Jefferson says, â€Å"That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness† (592). Jefferson tries to appeal to the reader by telling what the thirteen colonies should have. H e talks as if it is their Gods given right to be free. The middle of the Declaration of Independence is where I think he makes his biggest point. Jefferson tells about all the things that Great Britain does wrong. He uses a very repetitive style to kind of bang it into your head. Every fact he states he starts off the sentence with â€Å"He has† or â€Å"For†. When writing the Declaration of Independence Jefferson uses a third of this document just to list all the hardships the colonies go through. It seems he really wanted to get the point through that the colonies are not being treated correctly. He tells about such things as, â€Å"For cutting off our trade with all parts of the wor...

Rio Tinto Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rio Tinto Plc - Essay Example Japan will be importing huge amounts of aluminum, iron, and copper for its reconstruction projects. Three commodities which I liked from its product portfolio are gold, silver, and diamonds. The current price of gold in the international markets is $1452 per ounce (Goldprice, 2011). Diamonds have always been one of the most valuable stones in the world. Diamond jewelry can last a lifetime. There were other factors that attracted me towards selecting Rio Tinto as part of my portfolio. The firm had excellent revenues of $60,323 and net income of $14,324 in 2010. The net margin of the company is 23.74%. The company has a global workforce of 102,000 employees. The firm minimizes its risk by having a global operation located in Australia, North America, Asia, Europe and Southern Africa. The business risks of the company are also minimized by having a variety of products and working all sides of the mining industry supply chain. Two strengths of the company are its wide product range and strong market position. Two opportunities for the firm are the surging demand for gold and new investment and innovations. Throughout its history Rio Tinto has been known for its innovation in the mining industry. Rio Tinto is a solid investment that should pay off dividends both in t he short term and long term. HSBC Holdings Plc HSBC Holdings Plc is a banking and financial sector provider. The bank has an impressive customer portfolio of over 100 million customers worldwide. The company differentiates itself by providing a diverse range of banking and financial services. The firm has its corporate headquarters in London, United Kingdom. I liked the fact that the client base of the company included personal, commercial, corporate, and institutionalize investors. The firm has a network of 8000 offices across 88 countries. The banking industry has gone through a lot of changes since the global recession. The banks are now more risk averse which is a strategy that minimizes the risk of default on loans. Despite the losses that the industry incurred between 2007 and 2009 the banking industry had a solid recovery in 2010 (Plunkett Research, 2011). HSBC was one of the banks that were protected by the U.K. government during the recession. The fact that the government owns 41% of HSBC is an indicato r that the government will invest in HSBC to ensure its success. The global penetration of the company of having a physical presence in over 40% of the world’s countries is a good indicator of the success of the firm. Normally banks are more conservative in their selection of global expansion. The revenues of the company in 2010 were $62,096 million with net income of $5,834 million. The net margin off HSBC is 9.39%. The company has a global workforce of 289,435 employees. The market capitalization of the enterprise is $201,000 million. Two strengths of the bank are its strong capital base and brand perception. The company could take advantage of strategic acquisitions and growth by expansion in emerging markets. The firm could achieve significant growth by penetrating new locations. The favorable forecast for the industry was a factor that made me invest in HSBC. BT Group Plc BT Group Plc is a UK based communication company. The firm is considered one of the world’s l eading communication companies. BT has been able to penetrate the communications marketplace at over 170 countries around the world. The services offered by the company includ

The Joke by Milan Kundera and how it relates with history of European, Essay

The Joke by Milan Kundera and how it relates with history of European, the Czech society, socialism, totalitarianism and any oth - Essay Example Consequently, the thesis statement of this paper is that the author criticises the communist ideology in Czechoslovakia. Analysis The idea of communism when it was introduced in many of the Eastern Europe countries was to create optimism on the people that they will be equal in acquiring and enjoying social and economic benefits (McKay, 2007). Ideally, the ideology was targeting the equal distribution of the resources in the society to enable people to grow equally on social benefits. This political idea has been castigated by the author as an opium system. Indeed, the author illustrates how one of the characters in the fiction novel wrote in a postcard critiquing the notion of optimism in a society. "Optimism is the opium of the people! A healthy atmosphere stinks of stupidity! Long live Trotsky!" (Kundera 18). This observation of the author through the use of the character in the fiction novel, illustrates how the writer thought of the communist ideology in the republic of Czechosl ovakia during those days. Inasmuch the idea of communism in the country was to draw equality in the lives of the population, the system according to the writer, was pegged on optimism to the people that social and economic benefits will be distributed equally for their own good. ... Consequently, the statement from the novel depicts how the writer blames the communist ideology in Czechoslovakia in beholding them from participating in innovative and creative activities to improve their lives. Another aspect that has been demonstrated in the fiction novel by the writer in critiquing the communist idea is the imprisonment of the mind. This implied the effect of the political system that was practiced in the country in preventing the population in questioning the rationale of the government actions. Thus, the writer demonstrates how the communist ideology in his country had blinded the minds of the population in holding the government accountable in carrying out the state’s affairs. Indeed, the writer illustrates how one of the characters described another character in the fiction novel as unable to go beyond the government rhetoric in questioning its action. In addition, the writer demonstrates how the population is politically constrained in understanding t he ills of the government actions due to the legal system that was introduced by the communist ideology. "She was constitutionally unable to look behind anything; she could only see the thing itself" (Kundera, 143). In contrast, the communist idea in the history of European society was agitated to end the capitalism ills in imprisoning the population. Indeed, it was argued that the capitalism ideology had imprisoned the minds of the population due to its embracement of materialism in the society (McKay, 2007). However, the fiction novel demonstrates how the communist idea failed in liberating the population in questioning the actions of their own government. Indeed, the author demonstrates how one of the character

Treatment of Women in “The Yellow Wallpaper” Essay Example for Free

Treatment of Women in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Essay â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a short story which gives the reader insight on the plight of women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. During this time, Gilman makes it clear that women were not only controlled by their husbands, but also by society. The particular elements in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† which lead to this conclusion are the setting of the story, both in terms of the main character’s room and the time period the story was written in, and the central conflict, which is the woman against her society. This paper will proceed to describe the significance of the woman’s surroundings and the societal pressures that held her captive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† was written by Gilman in 1892. From the very first page of the story it is easy to ascertain the situation in which the protagonist finds herself. She firmly believes that she is ill, but her husband and brother, both â€Å"physicians† (Gilman, 286), believe that she is not. Instead, they claim that she has a, â€Å"temporary nervous depression a slight hysterical tendency† (Gilman, 286). The woman has no recourse against this diagnosis. One can safely assume that if the two doctors of the family feel the same way, any other doctor would hardly disagree. The woman has a desire to work and to be out in society, but her husband insists that she remain secluded and rest. Perhaps the seclusion would not be so bad if it was not for the room that her husband insisted she take for the summer. The woman describes it as a â€Å"nursery,† but many things about the room indicate that is may have been anything but. There are â€Å"barred† windows, and â€Å"rings and things in the walls† (Gilman, 288). The floor is â€Å"scratched and gouged and splintered,† there are holes in the walls, and the bed is in bad shape, as well as apparently bolted to the floor (Gilman, 290-291). The worst thing, however, is the yellow wallpaper. It is described as being, â€Å"repellant, almost revolting, a smouldering, unclean yellow† (Gilman, 288). The woman states that the paper has been pulled off in places, and the vine pattern is nearly maddening by description. This vivid recreation of the room makes one think that it probably was not a nursery at all. Instead, the room reminds one more of an insane asylum. Even though the husband claims the woman is not sick, one must wonder at his true thoughts after insisting his wife stay in such a room.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The woman tells the reader many things that she does not feel comfortable relating to her husband or her sister-in-law. She longs to be somewhere else, anywhere else. She pleads with her husband to let her visit with relatives, but he claims that she is not strong enough to go (Gilman, 292). She begs to go home early, but he won’t hear of it. It seems that, generally, whatever she wants to do that might make her feel a bit better is out of the question. Instead, he suggests that if she is not better in the Fall, she should go to a doctor that specializes in â€Å"female hysteria† (Gilman, 291). The woman knows that this doctor will do nothing for her that her husband is not already doing, and will probably restrict her even more (Gilman, 291).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reader gets the impression that depression is not well understood by the society in which the woman lives. The cure, according to the times, was to have the woman simply sit around and do nothing while being kept mostly out of sight. While rest may be good for depression, it seems that society during Gilman’s time was ill equipped to deal with a woman who cried and found it difficult to carry out the demands expected of her. Since no one really knew what to do, it must have seemed best to hide such people away and pretend that the problem would fix itself.   Besides, the woman’s husband claimed that she was not sick for as long as he could. Depression was not seen as an illness, which lends credibility to the idea that the husband wanted to send the woman away to the other â€Å"doctor† so she would not be a burden to him. One clue to the woman’s problem rests in the revelation that she has a baby (Gilman, 293). No one mentions the age of the baby, but the impression is that the child is still very small. Postpartum depression would not be thought of until many years later, but the reader could make a case for the woman having this particular affliction. No matter what was wrong, it is clear that society was ill prepared to deal with illnesses of the mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The text of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a struggle against society within itself. The woman mentions many times that she is not supposed to be writing, and many paragraphs are closed with the quick comment that someone is coming, and thus she must hide her papers away. Part of the woman’s â€Å"cure† was to not write, and being kept from writing, because her husband, â€Å"hates to have me write a word† (Gilman, 288) forces her to become more and more secretive. It could be that this impulse to sneak around and hide her feelings leads to her mental deterioration. It is very clear by the ending of the story that she might not have been crazy before, but the solitude and seclusion in the terrible yellow room pushes her to the very edge of sanity. She speaks of a woman who shares the room with her, but the other woman is trapped behind the wallpaper. While this seems to be a fairly harmless fantasy, she begins to believe that the woman is getting out and roaming around the house (Gilman, 297). Perhaps this is a wish, though through an altered state of mind, to be free and roam as she wished. Frightening enough, the woman seems to improve when she has this â€Å"other† woman to be concerned with (Gilman, 295). She will not tell anyone about this other woman, however, because â€Å"it does not do to trust people too much† (Gilman, 297). This woman is so trapped by the expectations of her society that she cannot feel safe explaining what she sees and how she feels. She is just as stuck as the woman behind the wallpaper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The more ill the woman gets, the more she begins to see other women in the wallpaper (Gilman, 299).   They are â€Å"creeping† everywhere: behind the wallpaper, around the house, and in the garden. Not one of them is able to risk being seen, so they simply creep around and hide. This, in this writer’s opinion, is Gilman’s statement about all women in her society, ill or not. All women were kept under the thumb of someone, be it a father, husband, brother, or doctor. None of them were able to go out and do exactly what they wished, or be exactly what they wished. Instead, they were forced to move about in secret, not trusting anyone with their most inward feelings. Perhaps this led to the â€Å"hysteria† that men so liked to diagnose. When the woman finally manages to set the â€Å"other woman,† whom she now sees as herself, free, her husband faints with horror (Gilman, 300).   Not only did he faint, but to the woman’s annoyance he faints â€Å"right across (her) pathso that (she) had to creep over him every time!† (Gilman, 300).   Even when she set herself â€Å"free,† she still could not escape from societal ideals completely. She was still forced to â€Å"creep,† but at least she could finally creep over a man. The woman in the story is free because she has lost her mind, but Gilman is free because she can tell the story, even though she must creep around to get to the point. Women are captives of society, and they must do what is necessary to break out.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a story of a woman who goes mad due to her captivity, but it is also the story of many women who were forced into societal roles that they neither wanted or deserved. Husbands are blamed for most of the control of women, but society played a massive part. The time and physical setting of the story, as well as the central conflict of woman against society, is played out in Gilman’s story in an unusual way, but one that resonates even today. Mental illness is still stigmatizing to many people, not just women now, and many women still allow themselves to be pushed into roles they do not want to play by the men in their lives. Even though the story is well over one hundred years old, there are still lessons to be learned from a woman’s decent into madness and rise to mental freedom. It is a shame, however, that the only way to freedom was to lose touch with a world that would not grant it itself. Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, New England Magazine, 1892.

Causes Of World War I 3 :: essays research papers

There were many immediate and underlying or fundamental causes of World War I. The difference between an underlying and immediate cause is that an underlying cause develops over a long period of time and indirectly leads to a specific event, and an immediate cause is a specific short-term event that directly leads to another event or series of events. While the immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of Francis Ferdinand, the archduke of Austria, by a Serbian member of the Black Hand secret society, there were various basic causes of the war. Three of them were nationalism, alliances between European powers, and militarism. Nationalism is a devotion and loyalty to one’s own nation, with primary emphasis on furthering its interests as opposed to those of other countries. This feeling widely spread throughout Europe during the 19th and 10th centuries and caused many problems. The Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and unify with other Slavic nations. Russia as a Slavic nation backed up the two countries in this matter, therefore causing tensions between Austria-Hungary and itself. Nationalism was also a source of anger between France and Germany as France resented its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). Alliances between European nations can also be considered an underlying cause of World War I. As a result of the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the Triple Entente (understanding) was formed between France, Britain, and Russia. Although France and Britain were natural enemies, their fear of Germany united them together with Russia. These alliances set the final stage for the beginning of World War I. Each country in each alliance would help each other during warfare. For example, if Germany attacked France, Britain and Russia would help France, and Italy and Austria would help Germany, dragging Europe into a state of chaos and violence. Militarism was also an underlying cause of World War I. As the alliance system divided Europe into opposing groups, each nation began to increase spending on its military. This set a belligerent mood in Europe as each nation was prepared to fight a war. A German officer once said "in time of peace, prepare for war," and that is exactly what European nations did, eventually leading to the Great War. Without a doubt, the one underlying cause of the three described above that was most responsible for World War I was the system of alliances.

Doll Wife

A Doll’s House Play written by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen on 1879 (Britannica) brings up various social topics into questions especially during the early 20th century. The topics or themes revolve on gender roles particularly that of women, women’s self fulfillment vs. their constructed roles only limited as a mother and wife and love in marriage.The writer of this play displays many facets of realisms about how women are being treated at times in a male dominated society, which was often illustrated during the early times. Here Ibsen presented the characters’ individuality and how they approach the different facets of societal realisms to illustrate the early dilemmas not just towards women’s position in the society but of human injustices.The play’s story is domestic in scope, primarily because two of the main characters are husband and wife.   Nonetheless, the play did include broader issues.   It showed how society in the 1800s vi ew marriage, the functions assigned to man and wife, and the limitations it gave to women in general.   It is also climactic in structure.The whole play takes place in one setting: in a particular room inside the house which is dominated by Nora’s character. Nora is the main protagonist of the story who initially enjoys being trapped in domestic comfort. She cheerfully goes with the flow on how Torvald, her husband, treats her. But rising events in the play made sudden transformation on Nora’s personality she was changed from a rebellious housewife to an independent woman of society.Nora is forced to pretend to be someone she is not in order to fulfill the role that her father, her husband and the society at large have expected of her. Her unjust conformity though is only realized during her climactic confrontation with Torvald at the end of the play. She eventually admits that she needs to detach herself from things and people that force her to follow societal stand ards.Taking into consideration the social and political attitude of Europe during Ibsen’s time towards women, Nora made a courageous decision to leave her family and walk into an uncertain future examining her life even though she’s aware that the society may not going to support her. The consequences of her decision are very uncertain whether she will succeed or fail as a person after gaining her independence.  However the question whether is it right for Nora to leave her children for the sake of her independence may seem a selfish act for a mother to do. Nora’s clear and impassioned declaration of her bitterness as well as her decision to leave her family seems inappropriate that made the play extremely controversial. Ibsen himself made an alternate ending â€Å"in which Torvald makes Nora takes a last look at their children before leaving and, seeing them, she loses her will to go† (â€Å"A Doll’s House Review†).This manifest that perh aps Ibsen is not advocating radical change the way others would want to believe it but he is just presenting mere realities that is truly apparent during his time. A Doll’s House is not a feminist literature. As a matter of fact Ibsen, the writer, believes in the importance of domestic roles and motherhood but also recognize the significance of exercising individual freedom.Most people may well say that that a woman’s first responsibility is her family and children more importantly, but a woman’s ultimate responsibility as well is herself. Ibsen in this play successfully demonstrates the message that wives and mothers should not stop and be trapped by their domestic roles but should continually discover their true selves, their true strengths and potentials.Women must experience true freedom. Nora in this play represent woman in the midst of society where males often oppresses females, reducing them to mere objects of playthings. That oppression often enslaved t hem restricting them to fully enjoy their individual freedom and eventually their God given potentials.Reference:â€Å"A Doll’s House Review online†. Retrieved on 12 May 2009 from:

Read The Lowest Animal by Mark Twain

Fairly early in his career – with the publication of numerous tall tales, comic essays  and the novels Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Mark Twain earned his reputation as one of Americas greatest humorists. But it wasnt until after his death in 1910 that most readers discovered Twains darker side. Composed in 1896, The Lowest Animal (which has appeared in different forms and under various titles, including Mans Place in the Animal World) was occasioned by the battles between Christians and Muslims in Crete. As editor Paul Baender has observed, The severity of Mark Twains views on religious motivation was part of the increasing cynicism of his last 20 years. An even more sinister force, in Twains view, was the Moral Sense, which he defines in this essay as the quality which enables [man] to do wrong. After clearly stating his thesis in the introductory paragraph, Twain proceeds to develop his argument through a series of comparisons and examples, all of which appear to support his claim that we have reached the bottom stage of development. The Lowest Animal by Mark Twain I have been scientifically studying the traits and dispositions of the lower animals (so-called), and contrasting them with the traits and dispositions of man. I find the result humiliating to me. For it obliges me to renounce my allegiance to the Darwinian theory of the Ascent of Man from the Lower Animals; since it now seems plain to me that the theory ought to be vacated in favor of a new and truer one, this new and truer one to be named the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals. In proceeding toward this unpleasant conclusion I have not guessed or speculated or conjectured, but have used what is com ­monly called the scientific method. That is to say, I have sub ­jected every postulate that presented itself to the crucial test of actual experiment, and have adopted it or rejected it according to the result. Thus I verified and established each step of my course in its turn before advancing to the next. These experiments were made in the London Zoological Gardens, and covered many months of painstaking and fatiguing work. Before particularizing any of the experiments, I wish to state one or two things which seem to more properly belong in this place than further along. This in the interest of clearness. The massed experiments established to my satisfaction certain gener ­alizations, to wit: That the human race is of one distinct species. It exhibits slight variations (in color, stature, mental caliber, and so on) due to climate, environment, and so forth; but it is a species by itself, and not to be confounded with any other.That the quadrupeds are a distinct family, also. This fam ­ily exhibits variations – in color, size, food preferences, and so on; but it is a family by itself.That the other families – the birds, the fishes, the insects, the reptiles, etc. – are more or less distinct, also. They are in the procession. They are links in the chain which stretches down from the higher animals to man at the bottom. Some of my experiments were quite curious. In the course of my reading I had come across a case where, many years ago, some hunters on our Great Plains organized a buffalo hunt for the entertainment of an English earl. They had charming sport. They killed seventy-two of those great animals; and ate part of one of them and left the seventy-one to rot. In order to determine the differ ­ence between an anaconda and an earl (if any) I caused seven young calves to be turned into the anacondas cage. The grateful reptile immediately crushed one of them and swallowed it, then lay back satisfied. It showed no further interest in the calves, and no disposition to harm them. I tried this experiment with other anacondas; always with the same result. The fact stood proven that the difference between an earl and an anaconda is that the earl is cruel and the anaconda isnt; and that the earl wantonly destroys what he has no use for, but the anaconda doesnt. This seemed to suggest that the anaconda was not descended from the earl. It also seemed to suggest that the earl was descended from the anaconda, and had lost a good deal in the transition. I was aware that many men who have accumulated more millions of money than they can ever use have shown a rabid hunger for more, and have not scrupled to cheat the ignorant and the helpless out of their poor servings in order to partially appease that appetite. I furnished a hundred different kinds of wild and tame animals the opportunity to accumulate vast stores of food, but none of them would do it. The squirrels and bees and certain birds made accumulations, but stopped when they had gathered a winters supply, and could not be persuaded to add to it either honestly or by chicane. In order to bolster up a tottering reputa ­tion the ant pretended to store up supplies, but I was not de ­ceived. I know the ant. These experiments convinced me that there is this difference between man and the higher animals: he is avaricious and miserly; they are not. In the course of my experiments I convinced myself that among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offers, then takes revenge. The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals. Roosters keep harems, but it is by consent of their concu ­bines; therefore no wrong is done. Men keep harems but it is by brute force, privileged by atrocious laws which the other sex were allowed no hand in making. In this matter man occupies a far lower place than the rooster. Cats are loose in their morals, but not consciously so. Man, in his descent from the cat, has brought the cats looseness with him but has left the unconsciousness behind (the saving grace which excuses the cat). The cat is innocent, man is not. Indecency, vulgarity, obscenity (these are strictly confined to man); he invented them. Among the higher  animals  there is no trace of them. They hide nothing; they are not ashamed. Man, with his soiled mind, covers himself. He will not even enter a drawing room with his breast and back naked, so alive are he and his mates to indecent suggestion.  Man  is The Animal that Laughs. But so does the monkey, as Mr. Darwin pointed out; and so does the Australian bird that is called the laughing jackass. No!  Man  is the Animal that Blushes. He is the only one that does it or has occasion to. At the head of this  article  we see how three monks were burnt to death a few days ago, and a prior put to death with atrocious cruelty. Do we inquire into the details? No; or we should find out that the prior was subjected to unprintable muti ­lations. Man (when he is a North American Indian) gouges out his prisoners eyes; when he is King John, with a nephew to render untroublesome, he uses a red-hot iron; when he is a reli ­gious zealot dealing with heretics in the Middle Ages, he skins his captive alive and scatters salt on his back; in the first Richards time he shuts up a multitude of Jew families in a tower and sets fire to it; in Columbuss time he captures a family of Spanish Jews and (but  that  is not printable; in our day in England a man is fined ten shillings for beating his mother nearly to death with a chair, and another man is fined forty shillings for having four pheasant eggs in his possession without being able to satisfacto ­rily explain how he got t hem). Of all the animals, man is the only one that is cruel. He is the only one that inflicts pain for the pleasure of doing it. It is a trait that is not known to the higher animals. The cat plays with the frightened mouse; but she has this excuse, that she does not know that the mouse is suffering. The cat is moderate – unhumanly moderate: she only scares the mouse, she does not hurt it; she doesnt dig out its eyes, or tear off its skin, or drive splinters under its nails – man-fashion; when she is done playing with  it she  makes a sudden meal of it and puts it out of its trouble.  Man  is the Cruel Animal. He is alone in that distinction. The higher animals engage in individual fights, but never in organized masses.  Man  is the only animal that deals in that atrocity of atrocities, War. He is the only one that gathers his brethren about him and goes forth in cold blood and with  calm  pulse to exterminate his kind. He is the only animal that for sordid wages will march out, as the Hessians did in our Revolu ­tion, and as the boyish Prince Napoleon did in the Zulu war, and help to slaughter strangers of his own species who have done him no harm and with whom he has no quarrel. Man  is the only animal that robs his helpless fellow of his country – takes possession of it and drives him out of it or destroys him.  Man  has done this in all the ages. There is not an acre of ground on the globe that is in possession of its rightful owner, or that has not been taken away from owner after owner, cycle after cycle, by force and bloodshed. Man  is the only Slave. And he is the only animal who en ­slaves. He has always been a slave in one form or  another,  and has always held other slaves in bondage under him in one way or another. In our day he is always some mans slave for wages, and does that mans  work; and  this slave has other slaves under him for minor wages, and they do  his  work. The higher animals are the only ones who exclusively do their own work and provide their own living. Man  is the only Patriot. He sets himself apart in his own country, under his own flag, and sneers at the other nations, and keeps multitudinous uniformed assassins on hand at heavy ex ­pense to grab slices of other  peoples  countries, and keep them from grabbing slices of  his. And in the intervals between cam ­paigns, he washes the blood off his hands and works for the universal brotherhood of man, with his mouth. Man  is the Religious Animal. He is the only Religious Ani ­mal. He is the only animal that has the True Religion – several of them. He is the only animal that loves his neighbor as  himself,  and cuts his throat if his theology isnt straight. He has made a graveyard of the globe in trying his honest best to smooth his brothers path to happiness and heaven. He was at it in the time of the Caesars, he was at it in Mahomets time, he was at it  in  the time of the Inquisition, he was at it in France a couple of cen ­turies, he was at it in England in Marys day, he has been at it ever since he first saw the light, he is at it today in Crete (as per the telegrams quoted above), he will be at it somewhere else tomor ­row. The higher animals have no religion. And we are told that they are going to be left out, in the Hereafter. I wonder why? It seems questionable taste. Man  is the Reasoning Animal. Such is the claim. I think it is open to dispute. Indeed, my experiments have proven to me that he is the Unreasoning Animal. Note his history, as sketched above. It seems plain to me that whatever he is he is not a reasoning animal. His record is the fantastic record of a maniac. I consider that the strongest count against his intelligence is the fact that with that record back of him he blandly sets himself up as the head animal of the lot: whereas by his own standards he is the bottom one. In truth, man is incurably foolish. Simple things which the other animals easily learn, he is incapable of learning. Among my experiments was this. In an hour I taught a cat and a dog to be friends. I put them in a cage. In another hour I taught them to be friends with a rabbit. In the course of two  days  I was able to add a fox, a goose, a squirrel and some doves. Finally a monkey. They lived together in peace; even affectionately. Next, in another  cage  I confined an Irish Catholic from Tipperary, and as soon as he seemed tame I added a Scotch Presbyterian from Aberdeen. Next a Turk from Constantinople; a Greek Christian from Crete; an Armenian; a Methodist from the wilds of Arkansas; a Buddhist from China; a Brahman from Benares. Finally, a Salvation Army Colonel from Wapping. Then I stayed away two whole days. When I came back to note results, the cage of Higher Animals was all right, but in the other there was but a chaos of gory odds and ends of turbans and fezzes and plaids and bones – not a specimen left alive. These Reasoning Animals had disagreed on a theological detail and carried the matter to a Higher Court. One is obliged to concede that in true loftiness of character, Man cannot claim to approach even the meanest of the Higher Animals. It is plain that he is constitutionally incapable of  approaching  that altitude; that he is constitutionally afflicted with a Defect which must make such approach forever impossible, for it is manifest that this defect is permanent in him, indestructible, ineradicable. I find this Defect to be the Moral Sense. He is the only animal that has it. It is the secret of his degradation. It is the quality  which enables him to do wrong. It has no other office. It is incapable of performing any other function. It could never hate been intended to perform any other. Without it,  man  could do no wrong. He would rise at once to the level of the Higher Animals. Since the Moral Sense has but the one office, the one capacity -- to enable man to do wrong – it is  plainly  without value to him. It is as valueless to him as is  disease. In fact, it manifestly  is  a disease. Rabies is bad, but it is not so bad as this disease. Rabies enables a man to do a thing, which he could not do when in a healthy state: kill his neighbor with a poisonous bite. No one is the better man for having rabies: The Moral Sense enables a man to do wrong. It enables him to do wrong in a thousand ways. Rabies is an innocent disease, compared to the Moral Sense. No one, then, can be the better man for having the Moral Sense. What now, do we find the Primal Curse to have been? Plainly what it was in the beginning: the infliction upon  man  of the Moral Sense; the ability to distinguish good from evil; and with it, necessarily, the ability to do evil; for there can be no evil act without the presence of consciousness of it in the doer of it. And so I find that we have descended and degenerated, from some far ancestor (some microscopic atom wandering at its pleasure between the mighty horizons of a drop of water perchance) insect by insect, animal by animal, reptile by reptile, down the long highway of  smirchless  innocence, till we have reached the bottom stage of development – nameable as the Human Being. Below us – nothing. Nothing but the Frenchman.