Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness Essay - 864 Words

Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness By: Whitworth PSY 410 May 20, 2012 Marilyn Monroe and Mental Illness Marilyn Monroe, her given name Norma Jeane Mortenson, was born on June 1, 1926. The name Norma Jeane Mortenson was baptized as Norma Jeane Baker (Bio True Story, 2012). When Marilyn was born, during the 1920’s, single parenting was not regarded highly. Marilyn’s mother, Gladys Mortenson, named Marilyn after Norma Tallmadge, famous actor during the mid- 1920’s. Marilyn was born with no father figure in which to influence her life. Marilyn’s birth certificate lists Edward Mortenson as the father, of which he was Gladys’ second husband, biographers have since agreed that Norma Jeane’s father was actually Stanley Gifford. Gifford†¦show more content†¦During Norma Jeane’s childhood she was known to have fantasized that she was the daughter of Clark Gabel, she had often told school mates that her father was a famous Hollywood actor (Doll, 1998-2012). It is known that Norma Jeane never did formally meet the man whom she thought was h er biological father, Gifford (Doll, 1998-2012). Doll (1998-2012), When she was a teenager, she tried to speak with him by telephone. She identified herself as Norma Jeane, Gladyss daughter, but the party on the other end of the line simply hung up.† (Para. 7). It is easy to underestimate the significance of the stories surrounding Norma Jeane’s early life, yet it appears that she felt a profound sadness at never having known her father. This alone left an emotional scare. The conflicting stories the fantasies about who her father was, is a mere representation of her attempts to put her early life into presepective, in spite of a dim past (Doll, 1998-2012). Unfortunately these attempts were not enough to for the actress, it is noted that shortly before her death, Norma Jeane filled out an official document, witnessed by her personal secretary, where the father is listed as â€Å"unknown† (Doll, 1998-2012). Family History of Mental Illness Norma Jeane’s mother had a documented history of mental illness. Both of her parents, Otis and Delia Monroe were found to have lived out their later years in mental institutions, Norma Jeane’s uncle, Marion Monroe, was alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Journey Into the Mind of Marilyn Monroe844 Words   |  4 PagesWatching Marilyn Monroe as she moves across the large silver screen with her signature sensual grace in the 1961 film The Misfits, it is hard to believe that by this point in her career, she had lost virtually all sway over her impulsivity. Her day to day existence had become a series of endless crises that grew more frantic and destructive. She was in a desperate and losing struggle within herself. In retrospect, the wrenching dilemmas she faced off the set gave her portrayal of Roslyn a surrealRead MoreEssay on Marilyn Monroe and Borderline Personality Disorder1835 Words   |  8 PagesMarilyn Monroe is a well-known legend a nd has been a public figure for several decades. Monroe was a distinguished model, actress, and singer, who quickly became known as a major sex symbol. Monroe starred in a large number of successful motion pictures during the late 1940s and early 1960s. She began her career as a model, which led to a film contract in 1946. Throughout her career, Monroes films grossed more than $200 million (Marilyn Monroe Biography, 2013). Marilyn Monroe swiftly became moreRead MoreMarilyn Monroe s Fight Against Mental Disorder1468 Words   |  6 PagesMarilyn Monroe’s Fight Against a Mental Disorder One of the most famous and iconic women in history, known by the name of Marilyn Monroe, lived a life of a star in the views of thousands of fans. From her beauty to her beautiful, bubbly personality, and the fame she acquired through movies and photographs might be the world to many, but for Marilyn it was worthless. Her exterior expressed happiness and pure bliss in front of the cameras, but nobody seem to pay attention to what was going on in herRead MoreA Case Study And Treatment Plan For Marilyn Monroe Essay4865 Words   |  20 Pages A Case Study and Treatment Plan for Marilyn Monroe: Borderline Personality Disorder Anita Daswani deMena Hodges University June 12, 2015 Abstract There are many factors which may have had an effect on Marilyn Monroe’s psychological state. I will attempt to prove in my case study and treatment plan, that if Marilyn Monroe had lived in the time period we live in today she would have been better able to be overcome her struggle with mental illness. If treated for Borderline PersonalityRead MoreMarilyn Monroe s Life And Accomplishments1034 Words   |  5 Pageseven beautiful but because I had never belonged to anything or anyone else.† Marilyn knew what her life was when she gave up her life for her career. Following this will be the real life of Marilyn Monroe, what she went through in her childhood and her professional life, her career, her affair, her death, and her legacy. Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson) was born in Los Angeles, California on June 1st, 1926. Marilyn faced a difficult childhood; she spent most of her time in an orphanage. Marilyn’sRead MoreMarilyn Monroe Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pagesrecognized faces in the world. Over forty years after her death, Marilyn Monroe‘s life and death is still in question. Her trademark platinum hair and beauty mark, her famous skirt-blowing scene, which eventually she became ashamed of because no one could see the woman who was intellectual had feelings and worked hard behind the glitter, the gold and the smiles. Everyone knew this Marilyn Monroe, but did anybody know Norma Jeane Baker? Marilyn Monroe was a Hollywood icon, maybe even a legend, but who was thisRead MoreThe Effects of Media on Womens Self Esteem Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagessurrounding young women, it is no surprise that they strive for these body types. This can cause serious problems like body dysmorphic disord er, which leads to eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia. Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic mental illness in which the sufferer cannot stop thinking about a flaw in their appearance, whether miniscule or imagined. Body dysmorphic disorder has sometimes been called â€Å"imagined ugliness.† Symptoms of this disorder are preoccupation with appearance,Read MoreEssay about Bipolar Disorder: Illness and Treatment693 Words   |  3 Pagesthat mood disorders such as bipolar disorder promote creative thinking and intense emotions. There is popular evidence that suggest that there is relationship between creativity and mental dysfunction. There are a significant number of famous individuals known for their creative capacity that had suffered from mental illness. Is believed that individuals with psychological problems often have the capacity to see and interpret the world in a unique and original manner, in other words they can see whatRead MoreThe Rise in the Number of Girls Suffering from Anorexia Nervosa903 Words   |  4 PagesStatistics are often a bit of a hazard, but when it comes to those concerning an illness characterised by discretion, dishonour and deception, even that is an understatement. Statistics show a 60% rise in the number of young girls admitted to hospital with anorexia in England and disturbingly still rising. The mythology encompassing anorexia is a self-inflicted condition brought on by narcissism. Narcissism is a misinterpretation of what is, in reality, a life threatening disease whose cause remainsRead MoreOnly 5% of women in the United States naturally posses the body type portrayed in the media.( )1100 Words   |  5 Pagesthat can be life threatening for them. This could ultimately lead to eating disorders, depression, and or unnecessary cosmetic surgery. The look of women has changed overtime. Marilyn Monroe used to be praised for her curvy figure in the early 1950s. During the 50s women saw beauty in curves and confidence. Since Monroe was like a trending topic in the 50s woman looked to the way she carried her self and she became a role model to some people. Even during that time the thought of what healthy

Political Compass - 1649 Words

â€Å"Bury yourself in pity, doubt, poverty, shame and disgust. Become that of which you are surrounded by, be what everyone wants you to be, NOTHING! He’ll never amount to anything† they would always say, â€Å"he will just end up to be just like his mother, a beat down, drug addict, alcoholic Mexican, living under the poverty line, scraping for food and money just to get by.† But he refuses, he will not be THIS, he will not be labeled and categorized simply because society deems him to do nothing more than to follow the steps of those who raised him. Through tear-filled eyes and blurred words, he prays each and every night to GOD to make him something better, to take away this anger and resentment that fills his soul for being a â€Å"broke Mexican in†¦show more content†¦Under socialism, employment is dictated by the states, thus full employment may be given to all workers, despite no particular or essential need for them. Due to the state managing p rices, there is a high possibility and risk of shortages and surpluses in goods. I personally scored a -4.25, meaning I semi-agree to having an economy that is run by the people and not dictated by the government. The other axis, labeled as Authoritarian (top) and Libertarian (bottom), measures one s political opinions in a social sense. This refers to the amount of personal freedom that one would allow or accept. A libertarian is defined as an individual who believes that personal freedom should be maximized, while an authoritarian is an individual who believes that authority and tradition should be obeyed. On this scale I scored a -1.54 meaning I tend to be somewhat in the middle when it comes to control. While I do believe very strongly in freedom I, in turn, favor having the protection. Perhaps because of a subconscious longing for the motherly affection and care I never had. Generally, I am what you would call a Libertarian Socialist. Many times libertarian socialists may be ca lled social anarchists. Although there is a stigma to the word anarchist, I believe it describes me well. The idea of being an anarchist means coming to the realization that one is educated, responsible and self-efficient enough to take control of ones actions and of one’s future. Overall, anarchistShow MoreRelatedThe Good Ghanaian Society 1068 Words   |  5 Pages and the corporations we work in, should be heading. Despite this kaleidoscope of opinions, fortunately there is a unifying point of agreement: ‘the task of every legitimate government is to secure a good society for its citizens.’ Nearly every political and economic philosopher from the time of Aristotle to Max Weber has agreed that the provision of a good society is the ultimate purpose of government. Once the role of government has been defined, it thus becomes imperative to further define howRead MoreWhat are the Political Axes565 Words   |  2 PagesFreedom and Authority 1. In your own words, what do the two axes of Political Compass represent? There are many approaches to the political spectrum, one of which involves two-dimensional model of Political Compass, which explores the view of a person divided by two aspects social (Authoritarian and Libertarian) and economic (Left and Right view). The model is represented by two axes which divided the politics into four main areas. The relationship is strong between freedom and authority as inRead MoreNational Security in Foreign Policy645 Words   |  3 Pages†¢ Foreign policy definition: a set of political goals that aims to outline how a particular state will interact with others †¢ Beach (2012): Foreign policy actions can be undertaken using a variety of different instruments, ranging from adopting declarations, making speeches, negotiating treaties, giving other states economic aid, engaging in diplomatic activity such as summits, and the use of military force †¢ No matter which instruments are used, the primary objective of states in outlining theirRead MoreSummary Of People Speak By Howard Zinn1187 Words   |  5 PagesIn â€Å"People Speak† the underlying message is that you should be vocal and fight injustice. She also stated that â€Å"We must end the assault on our privacy, on freedom of the press, on the free internet, and end the war on whistleblowers, and free the political prisoners - that includes Leonard Peltier, Mumia Abu Jamal, Chelsea Manning, Julian Assange, Edward Snowden, Jeffrey Sterling, and Edward Pinkney, whose only crime was to stand up against the theft of public resources†, clearly advocating for peopleRead MoreMorality Vs Machiavelli1161 Words   |  5 PagesOne may argue that, although the Prince’s actions are cruel and he is deceiving his subjects, the Prince has an obligation to maintain security and stability in the state, no matter the cost. However, Socrates would still reject t his Prince and a political system led by him due to the fact that the Prince acquires his power from the people. Socrates would argue that, by being dishonest to his subjects, the Prince values himself over the people. He no longer has any regard for the consent of the governedRead MoreLosing Liberty: How Obama Put America On the Road to Nowhere1216 Words   |  5 Pagescomes from the University of Massachusetts where students enrolled in an art history class had dedicated class time to writing their representatives about looming budget cuts. Students were pressured to join a protest, the professor would blame a political party and passed out voter registration cards. (Wright) It begs the question, was this a rally or a course on art history? There have been countless accords on the suppression of freedom of thought, these accords span from the 21st century toRead MoreWoodrow Wilson vs. Long948 Words   |  4 Pagesout the choices by the (popular consent) free of political meddlinggt; â€Å"politics-administration dichotomy† Before entering into the science of administration Wilson felt it was needed that first there should be some account of the history of what others have done in the field, secondly there should be an ascertainment of its subject-matter, and thirdly the it should be determined the best methods to develop it and the most clarifying political conceptions to carry into it. Without knowing theseRead MoreEnron, the Smartest Guys in the Room.1229 Words   |  5 Pagesfat bonuses and Enron’s ability to exploit the darker side of the traders. The traders lost their sense of morality. Once the traders accepted the idea of inhumanity it was acceptable for them to continue with their unethical behavior. The moral compass is our natural feeling that makes people know what is right and wrong and how they should behave. If the working environment does not have moral standards and the individual is not strong enough to step aside, he/she will be drag down and lose theirRead MoreWhat Makes A P olitically Savvy Leader?1173 Words   |  5 Pagespolitically savvy leader. Defining Political Savvy Office politics have such a negative connotation and many people just do not want to participate or play the â€Å"political game†, but Political Savvy has nothing to do with politics. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Political Savvy is one who â€Å"understands and utilizes the dynamics of power, organization, and decision-making to achieve objectives† (â€Å"Leadership Competencies - executive,† n.d.). Political Savvy, when broken down toRead MoreThe Election Of 2016, By Milton Friedman, Joseph Stalin, And Mahatma Gandhi1378 Words   |  6 Pages After taking these two quizzes, I was really intrigued by the results because I have never really taken surveys like these and it was interesting to learn more about myself and political views. On the first quiz, which was the political compass, the results stated that I am more of a Liberal leftist. When looking at the results in comparison to different leaders, I noticed that I was placed closest to Nelson Mandela. Also, when I compared my results specifically to the candidates in the

Curriculum & Material for International Journal -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCurriculum Material Designing for International Journal. Answer: Importance of syllabus in teaching English language is of intriguing importance as it outlines the knowledge to be imparted along with keeping a focus on the procedures applied in the teaching process. The syllabus takes both the teacher and students or readers to through the entire structure of the curriculum aiming to accomplish some skill to be acquired. The theories related to linguistic and language are both covered in syllabus design that further gets utilized in classroom teaching atmosphere. Based on different factors underlying the need or purpose the syllabus can take form of different types like situational, skill-based, formal, multi-dimensional, task-based, process, learn-led, proportional, content based, notional or functional and lexical. Not a single individual type of syllabus is sufficient enough to consolidate the teaching process. Rather a combination of various aspects of syllabus structuring can bring out best teaching method as well as make the syllabus teachab le (McGee Reis, 2012). Taking into account different characteristics of English language syllabus two broader category of syllabus can be identified: Product oriented syllabus: The syllabus that is formed keeping orientation toward product, often focuses more on the outcome of a learning process has been conducted. The syllabus initiates after the learning process has taken place already. Some of the example of product based syllabus method is grammatical, lexical, functional-notional syllabus type since they focus on outcomes that having basis in grammatical, lexical and notional approach (Van den Akker, et al., 2012). This type of syllabus makes an emphasis on the product or outcome of the program that has aimed to impart knowledge. Thus, it outlines the entire impact of the program which is more of inclined toward structural approach. Structural approach focuses on selection and grading of content having its basis on how simple or complex the grammatical items are. Each of the structural steps are mastered by learners and that further is added to the collection of grammar he has. There are problems to be found in the grammar of spoken and writing tone of language which is identified and incorporated into the approach while framing the syllabus. The situational approach under this kind of syllabus focuses on the needs generated on the situation basis. This includes the various types and ways of behavioral signs and language skills are used outside the premise of classroom. This situation based design of the syllabus draws links to the situations from structural theories. Notional or functional app roach highlights the importance of concepts and their meaning. It helps greatly in communicating purposes. The approach concerns most what are the needs of the learners and operates in line of that in order to create effective knowledge outcome. Process-oriented syllabus: Process oriented syllabus is just the reflection of its name with having primary focus on the processes and skills approaches associated and implemented in learning process. Here the designer of the syllabus puts more emphasis on how the student and teachers compete their tasks regarding information collection, idea organization, making drafts and get a revision of them in contrast to the focus made on notes and reports compositions (Van den Akker, et al., 2012). The syllabus structure outlines factors like pedagogy, learner and learning as core of the design. This attempts to make focus on encouraging students to practice, interact and use language following strong communication (Creswell, 2013).. This type of syllabus focus on learn-led and proportional approach (Richards Rodgers, 2014) . While the former makes attempt to highlight the process of learning by the learners the latter attempts to develop overall competence creating dynamicity along with flexibility. The learn led approach lacks aim but the proportional approach always have link at the core with units taught (Cullen, Harris Hill, 2012). The best outcome in terms of absorption of knowledge gain lies in the clarity and care adopted in designing the language curriculum. Array of influences and directions has been reflected in language teaching with major focus being on corpus research, task based instruction and common European framework. The development of second language has been turning complex with the advent of communication based language teaching since 1980s (Richards Rodgers, 2014) . The communicative intention now takes the attention more towards competence level build through communication than focusing on the grammar. The development can be traced through three different teaching programs approached in multiple ways keeping in mind the difference of curriculum designs. These three approaches are forward, central and backward approach having the basis of difference based on the input, processing and output of the designs (Abbaspour Zare, 2013). Forward: The approach initiates the program with focusing on the planning of syllabus and structuring the methodology. This is further followed by the assessment of the outcomes emanating from learning process. The major tradition of the English language curriculum development in forward design focuses on resolving regarding the problems in content and sequencing of the syllabus as the first step to taken care of. This design has its basis on the assumptions of linearity among input, process and output. This requires decisions regarding methodology and structure of output to become secondary and issues of solving instructional contents are primary focus. The design of the curriculum is done following sequencing manner also know as waterfall model. This model suggests how the inputs of one stage are derived from the output of other stages. As per the traditional approach followed in syllabus, development involves subject matter understanding of one as the core of the initiation with planning. It requires one to start with the field or arena of subject based knowledge one is going to impart others. It can include wide variety of subjects ranging from marketing, business, and contemporary history of Europe to literature of different language. Next comes the selection of concept base, skills, knowledge requirements that consolidate while shaping the field of knowledge (Richards, 2013). This is done so as to make the course content depend and develop around it. Assessment of the learner or student has its basis on referencing norms. This implies on the gradation made upon the students following single scale. The expectation is to derive scattered range of scores conforming to pre-set distribution. An example elaborates the concept lucidly. Suppose a teacher makes a choice of the topic that he decides to teach. Then he finds out a proper resource for that. Then he builds the instructional methods based on the chosen topic and resources. Lastly the teacher structures an essay question in order to conduct an assessment. Central: This approach focuses more on procedures and methodology followed in the class room. This does not include the issues in the syllabus with detailed specification. The design reflects the process between initiation and ending of programs reflecting various innovative methods. In this approach the curriculum design and development starts with making selection of the activities regarding methods and techniques of teaching. It does not involve the elaboration of detailed syllabus on language and outcomes specific to any language program. Initially a primary focus is vested upon choosing roper methodology and then issues related to input, process and output are analyzed and incorporated into the action. The model is greatly fixated on the process of learning. Since the emphasis is more on the discussion, critically thinking ability and decision making capability; it creates a fuzz in being able to make the assessment. The time of them can be stated but not the measurement regarding the in tensity can be captured as these are subjective skills. The central design is known as learner based method since greater emphasis is on the active learning process leading to individual achievement of the students (Richards, 2013). This method is highly essential in developing syllabi in humanities and social science subjects. The subjects like art, public speaking requires creative contemplation that makes extensive use of central design as the course requirement follows a subjective nature. Thus focusing on the subjective skills development plays important goal in central design of the syllabus in language curriculum. Backward: The educational curriculum design that sets goal prior choosing the methods or instructions and ways of making assessment. The backward design starts with specifying the outcomes from learning program and decisions made regarding methodology. Based on the outcomes the development of syllabus is made. Specification of outputs from learning process is used further to develop the input and instructional processes. This approach makes a start following. Statement of expected or desires result. Based on that teaching activities found appropriate are derived. This method has been prominent in developing curriculum in recent years. The general education structure of the syllabus traditionally employs this approach. This approach is also known as end-mean approach. The process of this design consists of needs diagnosis, objective formulation, content selection, content organization, learning experience selection and its organization, determination of the evaluation focusing on devising ways to complete the task (Richards, 2013). The biggest advantage of the method students dont get lost with too much factual details This makes them keep up the zeal of studying the base topic. The instructions designed under this follows global context than daily contextual activities. The assessments are designed to be conducted prior the planning of the lesson takes place. This leads the student toward appropriateness of their knowledge, which they require to know specifically. The starting point of this design is to become familiar with the grades in the curriculum that would be given to students. The second stage involves planning of curriculum and designing backward in order to come up with proper assessment techniques. The assessment involves the process that help student locate their position in terms of improvement and gaining the knowledge (Richards Rodgers, 2014) . This also identifies how hooked the students are with the topic. The opportunity provided to students to refine their work and knowledge along with allowing them to make evaluation is prime focus of the assessment process included in backward design of curriculum development. Reference: Abbaspour, E., Zare, J. (2013). A critical review of recent trends in second language syllabus design and curriculum development.International Journal,2(2), 63-82. Boschman, F., McKenney, S., Voogt, J. (2014). Understanding decision making in teachers curriculum design approaches.Educational technology research and development,62(4), 393-416. Creswell, J. W. (2013).Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Cullen, R., Harris, M., Hill, R. R. (2012).The learner-centered curriculum: Design and implementation. John Wiley Sons. Dempster, J. A., Benfield, G., Francis, R. (2012). An academic development model for fostering innovation and sharing in curriculum design.Innovations in Education and Teaching International,49(2), 135-147. Ismagilova, L. R., Polyakova, O. V. (2014). The problem of the syllabus design within the competence approach based on the course English for Master Degree Students in Economics (advanced level).Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,152, 1095-1100. McGee, P., Reis, A. (2012). Blended course design: A synthesis of best practices.Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,16(4), 7-22. Rahman, M. (2015). English for Specific Purposes (ESP): A Holistic Review.Universal Journal of Educational Research,3(1), 24-31. Richards, J. C. (2013). Curriculum approaches in language teaching: Forward, central, and backward design.Relc Journal,44(1), 5-33. Richards, J. C., Rodgers, T. S. (2014).Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge university press. Wu, Y. (2012). An Empirical Study on Needs Analysis of College Business English Course.International Education Studies,5(2), 216-221. Rosenblatt, H. J. (2013).Systems analysis and design. Cengage Learning. Van den Akker, J., Branch, R. M., Gustafson, K., Nieveen, N., Plomp, T. (Eds.). (2012).Design approaches and tools in education and training. Springer Science Business Media.

Contextual Factors Of Beauty And Fitness Centre - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Contextual Factors Of Beauty And Fitness Centre. Answer: Introduction Contextual Factors are those factors which affect organisations differently based on their characteristics. Globalisation has been changing the way countries do business since many years. Australia joined the wave of globalisation in 80s until then Australia was practising mercantilism. But mercantilism gave rise to unemployment and high inflation, it was then that Australia opened its doors for global companies. This report will discuss about impact of globalisation on service industry in Australia and how as a contextual factor does globalisation affect the business strategy of a beauty and fitness business in Australia. As awareness of benefits of maintaining a healthy lifestyle is increasing, Beauty and wellness industry has become popular choice for investment by entrepreneurs. Fitness industry includes everything from gyms and spas to beauty salons and male grooming(Business Franchise, 2014). Beauty and wellness Industry in Australia Wellness market of Australia has attracted lot of investment recently and has attracted lot of innovations. In 2014, IBISworld report stated that in next five years Australian fitness industrys revenues are expected to reach $ 3.4 Billion which includes personal training and weight Loss services(Business Franchise, 2014). Fitness and beauty industry has also seen a surge in employment, 25% increase in fitness instructors and 25% increase in beauty therapists since 2011(Australian, 2017). Internal Organisational Factors Internal business environment comprises of factors which are within the control of company and which impact the strategy it follows for success(Pestle Analysis, 2015). Following are some internal Factors and their effects on business: Well Trained Staff: Labour in this industry is the major determinant of cost. Labour comprises of personal trainers, instructors, customer service executives and marketing professionals. Beauty and fitness businesses are heavily reliant on labour which is the main reason of growing trend of unstaffed gym. These gyms operate 24 hours and saves wages as well. Well trained staff is key driver of a gyms success as demand for personal trainer is also on a high(Fitness Australia, 2016). Technologically Advanced Equipment: Its important to keep the latest training equipment. Although innovation in this industry is limited as exercises like cardio and weights generally are done by tried and tested methods. Innovations are limited to CrossFit equipment only. Location: Areas wide outdoor spaces and pleasant weather see lower demand for gym facilities on the other hand more commercial regions tend to use private fitness facilities more. Hence, fitness centres are mostly located in metropolitan areas and suburban shopping areas. So the location of Beauty and fitness centre plays important role in determining its success. External Organisational Factors External factors are those which affect the functioning of an organisation and are not in control of organisation(Root, 2018). Following are some external factors which effect businesses: Customers: Baby Boomers have started to retire now. This generation will now look for health and fitness services. Medical professionals are also referring their patients to health and fitness centres to treat and prevent chronic conditions. Government is also focusing on preventing health as a result of which there is increased interest in fitness programs at workplace, community setting and school. Increased obesity in Australia has also played an important role in promotion of fitness businesses(Whytcross, 2014). Political and economic environment: Economic slowdown of 2008-09 had affected the industry revenues. State government initiatives in schools, community centres and workplace are creating awareness health and benefits of attending gym. Policy decisions such as health fund rebates and FBT tax exemptions for businesses that provide subsidised fitness for employees will help fitness centres in getting more membership. Fitness industry in comparatively less regulated the new Australian Consumer Law covers issues memberships, making misleading communications and marinating consumers confidentiality. Competition: Online services weight management sites and nutrition guides are posing increasing competition to fitness clubs. Availability of beauty products from all over the world on online shopping portals is enabling buyers to perform beauty treatments at ease of their homes. As fitness industry largely serves the needs of locals extent to which they face international competition is limited to international franchise. Technological advancements: A lot of technological innovations are happening in the field of beauty and fitness like the bands which monitor daily calories expenditure, food intake and sleep patterns, workout DVDs etc. In order to maintain its customer base fitness companies will have to stay updated technologically because members are now more interested in benefits and results they can get by spending less. Business Idea This beauty and fitness centre will offer services of a gym, yoga centre, beauty and skin clinic, slimming centre and ayurvedic massage centre under one roof. This centre will be first set up in Sydney and subsequently in other parts of country like Canberra, Perth, Brisbane and Melbourne. Globalization Globalisation is integration of economic activities due to increased integration of human society around the world(Mussa, 2003). Economic globalisation means exchange of goods and services from across the border, foreign investments, reduction in tariffs and relaxation in trade barriers and spread of knowledge and technology across geographical borders(Samimi Jenatabadi, 2014). Australia opened its markets for global trade in middle of 1980s and since then it has seen considerable growth in service industry. Service sector in Australia offers some of the highest salaries and contributes up to 50% in GDP. Challenges of globalisation Competitive Pricing: With presence of international fitness brands it will be very difficult for start-ups to sustain without offering competitive prices and discount offers. There is a growing trend of offering huge discounts on gym memberships in order to attract more customers. In order to maintain a competitive edge over MNCs it is important for start-ups to build their expertise and market their products well. No Industry assistance: Beauty and Fitness Industry does not have any protection or assistance from any kind of body. Although some local council also run fitness centres but they are also for profit entities. Competition: Since Australia is an open economy entry of international brands in beauty and fitness industry is also an obvious phenomenon. International Competition especially from Korean beauty products and international gym chains like Curves and Golds Gym pose a major threat to start-ups in this industry. They have the advantage of innovative and advanced equipment and internationally trained man-power. Internet: Online weight management programs have emerged and are giving competition to fitness clubs and availability of international beauty products on online stores at affordable prices has encouraged consumers to have beauty treatments at home. Benefits of globalisation Hollywood and beauty standards: Globalisation has standardized how people idealize beauty and fitness(Johansson Andreasson, 2014). Hollywood and some other international consumer culture have homogenised the way people perceive beauty and physical appearances(Jones, 2011). In addition to this, TV shows like The Biggest Loser have also contributed in growing awareness towards fitness. These trends have also created a new customer segment as males are increasingly getting conscious about their appearances. Social Media: More brands are now using social media to target the internet generation and to generate online leads. Presence on Social media also plays important role in giving worldwide recognition to a business. Increase in international travel and tourism has also increased mobility of customers, which means if they identify a brand from internet they will look for it and associate with it in other countries as well(Queensland Government, 2016). Franchise option with international brands: Many international beauty and fitness clubs like Curves and Golds Gym try to enter new markets through offering franchise. For start-ups struggling to build their customer base option of taking up a franchisee of international brand is a very profitable option(Business Franchise Australia New Zealand , 2008). Conclusion Contextual factors have different impacts on different industries. For fitness and beauty industry impact of globalisation is moderate but it is rapidly growing with growing awareness among consumers and influence of international cultures. For a start-up to survive in this industry it is very important to be technologically updated with innovative and advanced equipment. Growth of 24 hours gym is an innovative idea for tapping the corporate professionals, who do not find time to go to gym, and it also saves a lot of costs because it is mainly unstaffed. Franchising an existing multinational Beauty or fitness chain is also a benefit of globalisation it gives start-ups with much needed credibility but it requires a lot of investment. It can be concluded that globalisation has brought opportunities as well as threats for a start-up in fitness industry, but by developing effective strategies they can achieve tremendous growth in this industry. Bibliography Australian, T. W. (2017). Census 2016 reveals huge surge in fitness, beauty, barista jobs while manufacturing work falls 24pc. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from thewest.com.au: https://thewest.com.au/business/economy/census-2016-reveals-huge-surge-in-fitness-beauty-barista-jobs-while-manufacturing-work-falls-24pc-ng-b88636861z Business Franchise. (2014). A HEALTHY BOTTOM LINE. Retrieved January 5, 2018, from https://www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au: https://www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au/expert-advice/feature-health-beauty-and-fitness Business Franchise Australia New Zealand . (2008). N THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from https://www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au: https://www.businessfranchiseaustralia.com.au/expert-advice/special-feature-health-fitness-beauty-franchises-issue-25 Fitness Australia. (2016). Profile of the Fitness industry in Australia. Fitness Australia. Johansson, T., Andreasson, J. (2014). The Gym and the Beach. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 45(2), 143-167. Jones, G. (2011). Globalization and Beauty: A Historical and Firm Perspective. EURAMERICA, 41(4), 885-916 . Mussa, M. (2003). Meeting the Challenges of Globalisation. Journal of African Economies, 12(1), 1434. Pestle Analysis. (2015). Internal Factors that May Affect the Business Organization. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from https://pestleanalysis.com: https://pestleanalysis.com/internal-factors-affect-business-organization/ Queensland Government. (2016). Using social media to market your business: the basics. Retrieved January 9, 2018, from www.business.qld.gov.au: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/running-business/marketing-sales/marketing-promotion/online-marketing/social-media Root, G. N. (2018). Five Components of an Organization's External Environment. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/five-components-organizations-external-environment-17634.html Samimi, P., Jenatabadi, H. S. (2014). Globalization and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence on the Role of Complementarities. PLoS ONE, 9(4). Whytcross, D. (2014). Gyms and Fitness Centres in Australia. IBIS World.

Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Example Essay Example

Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Example Paper Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Introduction For a resource to be used in a Primary School Junior class, flexibility is an important criterion. The creation of a puppet theatre (see Appendix 1) would permit a vast level of flexibility, whilst easily fitting into the specifications for the resource’s use. Furthermore, the resource needed to be accessible to children of different abilities within a junior classroom and therefore any activities produced or inspired from the resource would need to be adjustable. This resource was constructed with year 4 pupils in mind of an average range of ability as this allowed an assortment of suitable activities, in addition to providing an acceptable differentiation. Year 4 children are young enough to appreciate the possibilities yet old enough to engage with all the activities a puppet theatre has to offer. However, the nature of the resource also has the advantage of being useful to children’s learning all the way though the Primary School because â€Å"the told story can be modified to meet the needs of all pupils†, (MOYLES, Janet, 2007, p.90). A puppet theatre can be largely simplified or made more complex, responding to what is required: â€Å"the variety of student aspirations, abilities, and preparation requires that appropriate content be available to satisfy diverse needs.† (THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON EXCELLENCE IN EDUCATION, 1983). Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Body Paragraphs This resource was created to integrate at least 3 subjects simultaneously from the National Curriculum in Wales. The theatre encompasses English, History and Design Technology within the National Curriculum to a great degree, but also allows many other incidental subjects such as Welsh to make use of it too, for example, in practising dialogue. There is a high level of correlation between the National Curriculum in Wales (NCW) and the main subjects incorporated in the resource. English has the strongest influence of the three subjects because of the resource’s theatrical nature. Role playing is a key instrument here for teaching children to be aware of the language and gestures they might use in different circumstances (HUTCHCROFT, Dian, 1981). The inclusion of drama brings and develops skills in children’s speaking and listening, reading, writing, acting, interpretation and presentation, comprehensively covering the requirements of Key Stage 2 of the NCW. A puppet thea tre brings opportunity for children to study different aspects of language and literature such as play scripts, monologues, dialogues and storytelling. History, taught through a puppet theatre is provided with a perfect vehicle to explore and enhance children’s understanding of different periods, covering social and cultural features that appear within that timeframe including buildings and clothing. This viewpoint is greatly supported by the works of Lucy ; Mark O’Hara (2001) and is an important element within the NCW for this subject. Additionally, as Ron Brooks, Mary Aris and Irene Perry (1993) say, â€Å"Role play can introduce more than one viewpoint, allowing a start to be made in empathy work and investigating point of view†. The children can conduct their own research into such themes, produce work and conduct theatrical activities to exercise and reinforce their knowledge. Design and Technology skills are developed using the resource as inspiration and as a method of presenting children’s work. It can be argued that the artistic side of this subject â€Å"promotes divergence†, (MOYLES, Janet, 2007, p.102) and that in ensuring involvement for each individual child, it encourages children to develop their ideas. Children can work as individuals, partners or in groups to create their own scenery and characters for the stage and bring it to life. Such activities satisfy the NCW by enabling children to investigate materials and their uses, solve problems such as getting their creation to stand vertically and unaided, and to produce something of their creative choice that adheres to specifications. The first task in constructing the resource was to settle on a design. In an effort to make the resource reusable, the theatre itself was designed to serve as a construct around which the children would be able to create and act out different characters, scenery and stories. As a result of this, it was decided that it should be made of wood, as this would be more robust than cardboard. Sharp points, rough edges and other safety issues were resolved. Furthermore, it can be dismantled (see Appendix 2a – 2g) for easy storage and transport. It also had to be large enough that a group of children would be able to use it, and that all members of a class should be able to view the presentation collectively. Features such as the blocks that support the scenery (see Appendix 3a – 3e) and the Velcro attachments (see Appendix 4a – 4d) were added to create elements that are interchangeable and renewable, such as different backdrops and scenery. These in turn give more freedom to the children when either creating or performing using the materials likely to be available within a school environment. The main focuses of teaching with this resource are to encourage the children to practise and develop their skills in co-operative communication, expression, presentation, speaking and listening, and writ ing for a specific purpose. Furthermore, the focus is to cause the children to have a greater involvement and influence on their own and each other’s learning which, in turn, will be beneficial and instrumental to their confidence building and independence. The children’s increased participation turns them into what Henry Pluckrose (1991) deems â€Å"active learners rather than passive onlookers†. Paradoxically, he also states that we should bear in mind that as an activity, re-enactments have no real or specific purpose and have â€Å"little to commend† them and â€Å"are likely to be counter-productive†. In contrast, Rosie Turner-Bisset (2005) argues that â€Å"in teaching through drama, teachers will be drawing on some of these processes and harnessing children’s natural way of learning†. The latter seems more cognisant of children’s various styles of learning and it is the mindfulness of today’s necessity to teach in aural, kinaesthetic and visual styles that arguably reconciles the two points being considered. Bringing a puppet theatre into the classroom allows the children to explore many aspects of education whilst seemingly doing what comes natural to them: playing. It provides an interest to children of a wide age range because it provides a theme, style, and setting with which to play. Different abilities of children are catered for because their creativity needs no fixed standard. In both creating the characters and in role-playing with them, the children of a higher ability can reach higher standards and levels of complexity whilst children of a lower ability, whether that be in reading and writing, or communication, can simplify all activities to their level of appropriate challenges. In accordance, Allan Redfern (1996) writes, role-play promotes â€Å"a co-operative approach to learning and can draw on a wide range of talents and interests within the class†. Children of both ge nders will enjoy discovering what they can do with a puppet theatre in terms of their own creativity as the scenery and characters can be made by the children to fit into any scenario of their imagination. The theatre can promote a range of learning styles. When used by the teacher and fellow members of the class, the theatre supplies a good foundation for visual learning. For example, a history lesson can be introduced to the children by being brought to life by the story it unfolds (for example, see Appendix 5a – 5b). It enables children to get a visual representation of the time period and will assist children to remember the basic facts. When children are the puppeteers and designers of the scenery and characters, their kinaesthetic learning is stimulated. Geoff Petty (2009) states that, â€Å"drama raises self-esteem and self-confidence, often allowing hitherto unremarkable members of your class to shine†. By being involved in the process, and acquiring freedom fo r their creativity, many children who would normally be shy or uninterested in the subject have the opportunity to become engaged and find their voice through other means that they may enjoy. Likewise the Wigan Leisure ; Cultural Trust, (2007, p.3) concur by arguing that the using of puppets â€Å"give children a voice†. As a puppet theatre, this resource has benefits over many other choices because of its flexibility. Other resources considered were a large globe, some inspiration cards and a resource pack including activities such as trails. However, these alternatives would not provide the equivalent involvement or interaction for the pupils. Considering. â€Å"From birth, children instinctively use pretend play as a means of making sense of the world. They observe and respond to their environment. They imitate words and actions. They create situations to play and assume roles. They interact with peers and arrange space and objects to bring their stories to life. They dir ect one another to bring order to dramatic play. And they respond to one another’s dramas. In other words, children arrive at school with rudimentary skills as playwrights, actors, designers, directors, and audience members.† (NATIONAL PTA, 2006) The puppet theatre not only permits them to interact with the resource in the exampled scenario presented here (see Appendix 6a – 6b), but to create their own versions and use the theatre frame as the template in which to support them. The other skills that would develop in using this resource are also far more varied and perhaps effective in later life than other resources, because this resource when utilised to its full potential can boost confidence, exercise presentation skills and extend children’s aptitude to communicate with each other, adults and to a specific audience. The purpose of the resource is to promote children’s learning through more than one style and to give confidence to the children wh en interacting with resources independently of adults. By teaching their peers and themselves, children can become skilled at finding their own methods of learning and practising them. The puppet theatre gives children new styles of learning in the three inter-related subjects specified, the opportunity to become more engaged in their own education and to perfect skills that may otherwise be left immature. As specified by Jane Maloney et al (2006), puppets provide â€Å"an extra stimulus for the children to become engaged with the topic they are studying and this can apply to all areas of the curriculum†. This resource uses push-in or marotte puppets allowing the attention to be on experiencing the complete theatre. Children of all abilities have the opportunity to hone their fine motor skills in the creation and movement as they would with more anthropomorphic or animated styles such as the glove or marionette puppet. However, the flexibility offered by the resource as a who le is of greater value to the selected subjects. Children can progress by exploiting this resource, advancing further by increasing their complexity level in understanding and creative work. When the children become either too advanced or require greater intellectual stimulation than can be achieved through immersing themselves in the characters and the scenery, the theatre could still provide inspiration for the children to create their own performances. This presents opportunities for them to bring themselves to the foreground and further develop their skills for teamwork, creative writing, drama, and other theatrical skills such as direction and even technological skills such as lighting, filming and other work behind the scenes, which can prove just as crucial to the success of role-playing to an audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rationale in Support of Assignment CS1 Resource Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Analysis of Eu Yan Shang Essay Example

Analysis of Eu Yan Shang Essay Example Analysis of Eu Yan Shang Paper Analysis of Eu Yan Shang Paper Analysis of Eu Yan Sang (EYS) The strength of EYS from internal environment: Market Leader Eu Yan Sang is a market leader in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Their product quality and professional ethics have been regarded highly by its customers. They enable to charge premium price to customer because of their high quality products. EYS lay in its high brand equity that earned over a century and its renowned brand name and image. Core Competencies There are over 300 products under Eu Yan Sang brand name, but their core products to pump profits are Bak Fong Pills for women and Bo Ying Compound for infants. These two products are continuously to pump profits to EYS’s bottom line and have remained household names since the company opened its doors in 1909 in Hong Kong. Chinese believe that women need to regulate the menstrual function before and after menstruation period thus most of the Chinese women will consume Bak Fong Pills. Where else they also believe infants need to consume Bo Ying Compound before the age of one to prevent any disease. Supply Chain EYS able to control the total supply chain gives them an excellent competitive edge in the industry. To complement the new standard, EYS also developing a world first integrated online portal to keep track of traditional Chinese medicine herbs throughout the value chain. The weaknesses arise from Eu Yan Sang: Management Problem EYS’s management problems arise with different views over the operations of the business that resulted in disgruntled shareholders. They faced lack of vision for future growth strategies that may threaten its survival. Employees Performance According the respondent s’ feelings in the survey, salesperson were not particularly informative about certain products benefits and were unhelpful in recommending suitable products. They were perceived as being sloppily dressed in drab uniforms and displaying a rather indifferent attitude towards customers except when the latter were interested in the more expensive TCM products. The opportunities arise from external environment: Government The Hong Kong government had just unveiled a ten-year strategic plan in building Hong Kong into an international center for Chinese Medicine. They were ready to invest in and help local Chinese medicinal companies realizes their mission. Besides that, government also introduces a new degree program in TCM. Expand Market Besides the few countries, EYS also can expand to others Asia countries such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam. These three countries still adapt Chinese medicine today. There is an opportunity for EYS to expand their markets and booms their profits. The threats of EYS: Prohibition The precious animal parts had to be taken off the shelf since the law was amended to prohibit the sales of parts of endangered species came into force in 1995. Competitors EYS face international and domestic competitors that had slackening their sales due to the environment changes. There was a huge influx of western vitamins and health supplementary. The domestic competitors are Tung Fung Hung and Wai Yuen Tong that launched similar convenience products lines. Issues and the Key Issue of EYS Issues: Health Authorities How if the employees dispense wrong medicine to customers? This is one of the issue problems that arise from EYS. Their training in dispensing medicine usually came from informal because there have been no regulation or registration required so far for practicing Chinese medicine. If the employees dispense wrong medicine to the customers, EYS will face a lot of problem such as responsible and penalty to the customers. Labeling Legislation The reason EYS delay stemed mainly from the reluctance to comply fully with the labeling legislation. They need to full disclosure of all ingredients that required by the stringent labeling law. This may cause EYS to disclose their secret family formulate. If the ingredients disclosure to public, there must be a lot of competitors launched the same products. There is a threat to EYS. Competitors Exists The main competitors Tung Fong Hung expand rapidly in the recent years. They adopted a penetrative pricing strategy and was about 8% to 10% below that of EYS. TFH is the only traditional Chinese medicine listed on the stock exchange with a healthy daily turnover. Key Issue: Extensive Reach We can easily purchased EYS products in Malaysia because of their extensive distribution network, comprising over 150 EYS branded retail outlets in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Macau and China. EYS also provides a holistic approach in healthcare practices. EYS also can expand to others countries in Asia such as Japan, Korea and Vietnam to achieve higher performance.

A literature review of the applications in reducing green house gas in Essay

A literature review of the applications in reducing green house gas in the agricultural system - Essay Example Industrial agriculture causes global warming because it is intensive in fossil fuel, operations from confined animal feeds lead to emission of methane, application of nitrogenous fertilizer causes emission of nitrous oxide, and finally, large scales of land within the tropics are being converted into intensive monoculture plantations. The large livestock populations in the world produce high amounts of greenhouse gases that consequently influence climate change. Changes in the soils’ carbon flux can be very significant, even though it is small, because of the volume of soil (Smil, 1999, P127). Despite favor of livestock production by market forces, Smil (1999, p. 130) examines that application of alternative methods may help in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions while providing good livestock returns, sustainability and health where deforestation, land degradation, and feed-crop dependence are avoided. Mitigation efforts in agricultural systems include keeping fewer livestock, conservation tillage, intensification of livestock without crowded confinement, and organic farming (Casey and Holden, 2006). Reduction of feed grains that are chemically fertilized is however the most effective way of reducing pollution by greenhouse gases (Casey and Holden, 2006, p. 234). Maize, wheat, and soybean production emits about 17 million tones of carbon dioxide per year (IPCC, 2007, P.241). Together with the fast increasing number of livestock, the possibility of changing the balance between sequestering nitrogen and nitrous emissions in the soil is big. \ Another important strategy of reducing greenhouse gases by agricultural system is the application of policy mechanisms stipulated by Kyoto Protocol’s mechanisms of clean development to provide support and stimulus small scale farmers who are willing to practice sustainable agriculture. Potentially, about 1 tonne of carbon is

The oil and gas industry in Canada Research Paper

The oil and gas industry in Canada - Research Paper Example Most of Canada’s, which is about 283,000 cubic meters per day, is exported. Most of it is imported to the United States. The production of oil and gas in Canada is very efficient. For instance, over 25,000 new oil wells were sunk in 2005. In Alberta province, over 100 new wells are dug every day. Production operations include upstream (mainly, exploration and production of gas and oil), and downstream (here oil and gas is refined, distributed and sold). Most exploration happens in the province of Alberta with many operations in British Columbia and Saskatchewan (Daniel, 2012). Oil fields that have been of paramount importance to Canada economically include, Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, White Rose oil field, Terra Nova oil field and Hamburg oil field in Alberta. The oil and gas industry in Canada works within a complex framework of regulations and laws that govern and guide industry operation in terms of the environment, safety, hiring and personnel, land access, landowner rights, surface and mineral rights and many more. For instance, every gas and oil activity must be applied for and given approval before any work can begin. Some major federal players in the Canadian oil and gas industry include National Energy Board and Natural Resources Canada (Ballem, 2011). National Energy Board established by parliament of Canada in 1959 is mandated with the regulation of international and interprovincial aspects of the gas, oil and electric utility industries. It therefore regulates energy development, pipelines and the public interest of the Canadian citizens as concerns matters of oil and gas. The At the provincial level, there is BC Oil and Gas Commission, Saskatchewan Energy and Resources, Energy Resources Conservation Board (Alberta), Ontario Energy Board, Newfoundland and Labrador Natural Resources, and Nova Scotia Energy. The legislation in the oil

Animation Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animation Critique - Essay Example The most important technique in animation film is the Squash and Stretch, which is used to create an exaggeration of an animated movement. In addition, Winsor McCay propelled the American animation industry with the release of ‘Gertie the Dinosaur’. Blackton was widely esteemed for his stop-motion technique while McCay is renowned for employing much more modern techniques referred to as key-framing and the in-between techniques (Lewis 221). ‘Felix the Cat’ is one of the characters that were created by Pat Sullivan in the era of the silent films. ‘Felix the cat’ is one of the most recognizable characters because of its huge wide eyes and grin, black body and squat. ‘Felix the Cat’ is a good animation considered an iconic character in the historical making of the animation film production. The artistic expertise employed in Felix the Cat made it an outstanding piece of work in that era. For example, the use of a text box or bubbles to denote communication between characters. In addition, the use of question marks to express emotions and dotted lines denote the direction he is facing presents a complete communication. The possession of such qualities rendered the audience the ability to grasp the flow of the silent films. I personally liked the character of Felix the Cat because he was a fast decision maker. Felix the cat does not use the simple camera work, it is played with the asp ect of a film. The level of technology then was poor and the quality of production was unsatisfying (Pike 43). In addition, the emergence of modern studios, for example the Disney suppressed Felix’s native studio. Fantasmagorie was the first fully animated film that was made by Emile Cohl. This animation was made up of drawings flowing in a fluent manner into one another. In this film, the audience is only able to see the smooth blending of the illustrations and drawings. Moreover, I find this film a complex piece as well as an impressive narrative. The

The Computer Internet And Video Game Addiction Media Essay

The Computer Internet And Video Game Addiction Media Essay Introduction: In this review report i will discuss about the article about The Computer, Internet, and Video Game Addiction by Douglas A. Gentile. In the article the author discussed about the issue about the addictions because of computer, internet, and video games, and he discussed about the warning signs and symptoms in order to detect the addiction status. In the article the author says that because of the high addictiveness to these technology inventions causes disruptions to works, friends, school, and family. The author explained that the addiction to something will cause damage to the functionality of their life. It may be more one or two functional areas of life that may get damaged because of addiction of something. And the author used a scale to determine the addictiveness of a person. I agree with the author as he says that the addiction disrupts the functioning of social life in many areas but he did not mentioned about the new technologies and services like social networking addictio n and text messaging services. As the author said the addiction to internet may not always damages their social relations. I shall show that the addictions to internet may improve the social functionality of the people. Critical Review: The topic of this review is the addiction of new technologies and services developed in recent years. Douglas A. Gentile clearly explained in his article about the issue and warning signs and how to rescue the people from addiction. In recent years technology is growing rapidly. As a result of this technological development so many new facilities and services are coming forward. Computers and Internet services are some of the major aspects grown very rapidly in the past decade. The number of users using these services increasing day by day. These new technologies and internet services are very useful and became very important aspects in regular life as we have so many advantages with them. Some people uses internet for longer hours daily. Psychologists named it as internet-addiction disorder. But so many people used to spend hours of time on their computers even before the usage of internet came into their regular life. We can call it as computer addiction. And one more powerful, rou tine and mostly accepted addiction is video gaming. And what about mobile phones? Persons get addicted to these mobile phones too. With the help of developing technology the researchers will implement all the computer, mobile phone and videos gaming features into single equipment in near future, possibly mostly addictive. In Douglas A. Gentiles article he explained the term addiction as to do something which will spoil their regular life functionalities. They will spoil more than one or two functionalities of their normal life such as their social functionality and work operations, school operations and even family relations just because of their addiction. By considering the above functionality disorders Gentile said that 8.5% of young games are addicted in America. (Gentile 2009).[1] As of now there are no accepted risk factors or symptoms in order to identify the addiction Gentile suggested some factors as a basic guide to find the addiction of video games. He suggested the symptoms for children and adults. Those are, in case of children, they will spend most of the time in playing games, incompletion of assignments, getting less grades, falling into sleep in school hours, always likes to play video games instead of playing with their friends, lying about the use of computer and games, not interested to spend time in sports and clubs, violent response when anyone tries to stop their game play. These are the symptoms suggested by Gentile to be used as a guide to identify the addiction in case of children. And when it comes to the adults he suggested the risk factors as follows. When the time spending on video game play increases it seriously disrupts the family, social life and even work life, cannot control the use of computers and video games, that fantasy vide o game life replaces the original normal life with partner, they will lie about the use of the computer and games. And Gentile also suggested some physical symptoms which may indicate to addiction. Those symptoms are disturbances in sleep, back ache and neck aches, headaches and neglecting personal hygiene because of not eating regularly.[1] In his article Gentile said that for the person who is addicted to computers and video games, a fantasy life in on-line or in the video games replaces his original real world. The virtual reality of the video games is more attractive than real world, family, school, or work. And the improved right of entry to pornography on the on-line and in video games. And Gentile mentioned different approaches in order to define the addictions. However, they are likely to share various characteristics. In 1991 Brown potted 6 core facets in order to identify the presence of the addiction, and those facets are alike across various approaches. The facets summarized by Brown are salience, is defined as the action which controls the life of a person either cognitively or behaviourally. And another facet is euphoria/relief, and is defined as an action which provides high. And another one is tolerance is defined as the greater action is required to get the similar high. And another facet is withdrawal symptoms is defined as the occurrence of unlikeable negative emotions or physical effects while not capable to employ the action. And Conflict is defined as the action that directs to clash with others, and relapse and reinstatement is defined as the action continued in spite of challenges to withhold from it.[3] Douglas A. Gentile defined a scale in order to calculate the addiction level of a person. That scale includes the following questions. Have you turn into extra anxious in the past year while playing video games or while using computer? Have you spend lot of time and money in order to play games and in order to get required excitement in the past year? Have you tried to minimise your playing time in the past year? Have you become short-tempered or irritable while trying to stop playing games? Have you lied your parents or friends about the time you spend to play games? (For children)Have you ever done incomplete assignments because spending more time on video games in the past year? Have you required the financial help of family or friends for the reason of spending lot of money on video games? Have you committed anti-social activities such as theft from home or friends to buy video games? And he explained how to score this scale. And how to decide the level of addiction using this score. As Gentile mentioned people needed to count 1 if the answer is Yes and they need to count as 0 if they get No. So finally if u gets yes for half of the questions then you are in addiction. And if u get No for more than half questions then less addictive or not addicted. According to the opinion of the author Gentile he considered this type of disorder as impulse-control disorder. It means the person who plays the games knows that he should finish his home work, but he cannot stop the desire to play for some more time. And the Gentile said that it is not only in the case of games. The person may have addiction of computers or internet to stay away from rest of their social life.[2] The author has given some reasons on why people get addicted to the internet, computers and games. He said three basic requirements that direct to human motivation. These requirements are the requirement of autonomy (that is the human want to believe that he is in charge about the thing he is doing), the requirement of relatedness (it means that human wants to feel joined with other persons), and the requirement of competence (that is human want to believe that he is better at things). These are the three basic requirements of self-determination theory. The video games and internet are superb to satisfy these three requirements and because of this reason they are highly motivating things and leads people to get addicted to them. Gentile gave some suggestions in his article about how to get out of these disorders. He suggested taking the person who is spending lot of time on games and internet to the counsellor who treats the people having impulse-control disorders. And he suggested some changes to take in the living patterns of their family. That is by making the children to spend more time with their family. Because if the adults are busy at their work then their kids try to entertain themselves by playing games and can become addictive to those games. And if you want to stop your children from playing games first you need to arrange some alternative to replace those games. You need to fulfil their needs which they are getting by playing games. And he suggested some links for specialize treatment for video games and internet addictions. Those are http://techaddiction.ca/ and http://www.netaddictionrecovery.com/. [2] As Gentile said in his article i agree with him that the addiction to something leads a person to spoil his regular life operations such as their school operations, time spending with their friends, work operations and also family relations. But here the author did not mentioned about the social networking sites available on internet. In present days most of the people using the social networking sites such facebook, orkut, hi5 and most of the internet users became addicted to these social networking sites. And by using these sites they will can make good relations with their friends and they can make their social relations stronger. So that i cannot agree with the author as he said that the addiction spoils the social relations. The symptoms suggested by the Gentile are good enough to identify the addiction of children and in case of adults also. Those symptoms or risk factors are much accurate to identify the addiction. I agree with the author to use those factors as a guide to detect the addiction. And by following the physical symptoms suggested by gentile as indications we can definitely know whether we are addicted to any of those computers, video games, and internet or not. And i support the questions covered in the scale taken by gentle in order to find out the addiction level of a person. By asking those questions themselves the people can find out their addiction level and can take some cautions to get out of the addiction. And he gave some best reasons for getting addicted to these technology things. And the addiction to the internet and video games may not always a big problem as those addictions may get out of the people as time passes. And these things are even not recognized by the American Psy chiatric Association as a medical disorder Conclusion: In this review I have discussed the article about The Computer, Internet, and Video Game Addiction by Douglas A. Gentile. This article explained so many points regarding the addiction of people to the technologies like computers, video games and internet. In his article the author has given some symptoms to find the addiction and he gave some reasons for addiction. The author shown that the excessive use of computer, internet and video games make people to damage their social life and their relationships with the real world. But it may not acceptable in case of internet because so many social networking websites are available in internet to which most of the people getting addicted. Even though they are addicted to those social networking websites they can continue their relations with the people around them and can make their relations even stronger by using those websites through internet. Even some people may balance their social things even though they spend more time on internet and video games. And the author explained three motivations that can lead people to get addicted with the video games. One of those three motivations is the people feel that the human feels that he is better at things. It may not correct that all the people who spend more time on video games feels like they are better at those things. And the most of the points explained by the author Gentile are agreeable and very useful.

Skin Grafting :: essays research papers fc

Skin Grafting Skin grafting, or, the transplanting of skin and other underlying tissues types to another location has been used for almost three thousand years. It originally began with the Hindu Tilemaker Caste System where skin grafting was used to reconstruct noses that had been amputated as punishment. Over time, it evolved, and in this contemporary age we possess two major means by which to transplant skin: split-thickness skin grafting and full-thickness skin grafting. In split-thickness skin grafts, the skin graft includes only the epidermis and a portion of the dermis. The thickness of the slice can be broken down further into a thin layer (.008-.012 mm), a medium layer (.012-.018 mm), and a thick layer (.018-.030 mm). This type of skin grafting is used primarily when cosmesis, or, the concern for the appearance of the patient, is not a key concern, or when the defect is too large for the use of a full-thickness skin graft. Split-thickness skin grafts are employed in various situations including: chronic non healing cutaneous ulcers, temporary coverage to allow for the observation of a possible tumor reoccurrence, surgical correction of depigmenting disorders, and coverage of burn areas to accelerate wound healing and reduce the loss of fluids. The procedure for harvesting and transplanting split-thickness grafts begins with the measurement of the skin defect. A purse-string placed around the defect reduces its size and thus also the size of the graft that must be harvested from the donor. Effective donor sites include thighs, buttocks, and upper arms. Then the donor site is lubricated with sodium chloride and a sterile tongue depressor is placed across the donor site to create a flat surface. The surgeon then applies the dermatome to the donor site and slices off the necessary layer of skin. The newly harvested skin is placed in a sodium chloride solution and is prepared to be meshed. Meshing is advantageous when one wants to increase the ratio of the skin graft. By placing it in the mesher, the graft becomes flatter and obtains a diamond plate appearance. Keep in mind that while it is acceptable to trim the graft to fit the recipient site, it is better to have some overlapping between the donor tissue and the recipient bed. The slight-thickness skin graft is secured by staples and a bolster may be applied to encourage graft apposition to the recipient bed, to decrease shearing forces, and to maintain a moist environment f or the graft.

Money: Descriptio Essay

Money Money is a very essential factor in our lives. In this world everyone needs money in order to survive. The reason why our world it's active, it's because we are all seeking for this medium. Money has a great influence on every society, it gives people a different perception of life and can lead to change people's lifestyle. Money can have an effective impact people's lives ,likewise it can lead to some negative impact. Indeed Money is what the world is about , what our lives depends on and what we are all living for. In fact money is necessary in today's global society.This medium is the center of all activities , everyone needs for their whole life; for clothes, for food, for a shelter and all other things to live comfortably. There are some people who have enough money to provide themselves more than these basic needs , they are usually referred as rich or wealthy people , some have enough to buy a town or even a country. For example, the wealthy can travel across the ocean o r the desert if they so desire, whereas the poor must deny themselves such pleasures and focus on simply having enough money to make it to the end of the month.Money is money is not equal across different classes in a social hierarchy,apparently it is based on productivity. Furthermore ,although we can see class distinctions economically , these classes are equal on some level. For instance one of the richest people in the world cannot buy love, health, joy peace or feelings . Money has it limit ,money can only buy mostly concrete and material things. After all , we are all motivate to get it , because our lives depends on it .Money cannot provide every single things nor resolve every problems , but it can make our lives less miserable. Certainly without it our living conditions would be poor hard to meet the basic needs in life . Moreover, a part from those advantages ,money has brought us a lot of downsides. . Money often makes people conceited, grasping , envious . Usually we are never satisfied of enough money we have ,everyone want to get more , even the wealthy people want earn as more as possible . Earning money legitimately is a difficult task , but some people want it to be an easy one.For instance there are people who are willing to do any kind of things in order to get it , they will steal, cheat, break the law, lie , do harm to others to fill their pocket. This medium has taken over our lives, it is without doubt very valuable in life ,the more materials we get . In conclusion , money brings a lot of advantages as see ,we all know that it is necessary for survival . Whether money does us good or harm it depends greatly on our perception of it. Money is not necessary to be happy, though it is essential to remain happy. For this reason making money is the first common goal on everyone's life .

Ethical decision making in pharmaceuticals

Ethical decision making in pharmaceuticals This paper forms an analysis of the government pharmacists entitled the responsibility to give the final verdict on the issue of approving new drugs into the market. In-line with Buerki and Vottero, (45), the framework for decision making procedure in pharmacy entails the process of assembling a judgment to supports professional actions towards valid choices that are based on reflection and reason.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical decision making in pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first step ought to involve recognition and analysis of any dilemma that may exist. The systematic identification of the problem is the foundation for analysis of any department in accordance to the law. Problem identification ought to be a clearly defined procedure to reduce uncertainty or ambiguity. According to Buerki and Vottero (45), the critical process of problem identification in pharmacy involves the di stinct steps of gathering or identifying the technical facts, identifying moral parameters which may exist, analyzing the legal constraints involved and identifying relevant human values. By having the required facts at hand, the pharmacists are in a position to analyze the ethical implications and moral dilemmas associated with the problem. Today, pharmacists face the issue of weighing between possible economical losses or obstructing government’s reputation over the patients care in provision of medicine such as newly released strong antibiotics. Their conscious have to question the action they decide to take. Will they be reacting ethically if they endorse or recommend newly approved drugs regardless of effects? In relation to Buerki and Vottero (46), on identification of moral parameters, it is important to engage a personal debate over the extent to which the decision made have on the reputation of the government and involved firms for instance, to what extent would the high pricing affect segments of the clientele? The process of problem analysis and identification should also involve analysis of the effects of legal constrains that are involved. Other ethical issue involve invoking conscience clause in relation to the law. Sometimes pharmacists prescribe expensive drugs due to the influence of firms involved in sales. The management of such firms may have different perspective over new drugs because they are being driven by their consciousness of profit making. Pharmacists therefore need to analyze their consciousness and validate them against the laws governing people against malicious pharmaceutical companies. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The decision they make ought to enhance the relationship between the pharmacists and the patients rather than conform to unprofessionalism or unethical organizational cultures. Some governi ng regulations are internal bureaucratic rules crafted to enhance efficiency of the involved firms at the cost of good patient care. Ethically these are third party constraints. Pharmacists need to understand that they are ethically entitled to other options other than remain confined to delivery of the final rule. Relevant research based on the past experiences assists in finding reasonable grounds for decision making. The research findings are an alternative essential for distinguishing between business alterations and ethics of healthcare. Depending on the developed alternatives over the course of action to take, revealing logical suggestions to colleagues strengthens the final verdict. In the field of pharmacy, the ethical issue has to connect to modern ethical theories. Ethically, one would be concern with the outcomes or the consequences of the actions taken. The action becomes right or wrong in connection with the outcome. Consciously, it is apparent that a pharmacist, who ac ts as per the truth, would easily overcome serious circumstances, while one who practices non consequential measures struggles due to the dilemma over truth or false information, because they need to first assess the side that is more beneficial. Reasonably in line with Robert and Vottero (46), â€Å"ethical decisions allow one to focus upon a more objective goal.† Moral standards are widely acceptable in the quest for results. The standards may include the principals that accept behaviours of pharmacists with the aim or supporting the patient’s health, or those that urges them to avoid the harmful actions. The cause of action taken mainly depends on ethical values. The life-saving drugs which are very expensive such as the strong antibiotic requires pharmaceutical consideration as a â€Å"primary social good† for personal need. This is an ethical value lacking in majority of the pharmacist’s contemporaries since they know that most newly approved drugs can sometimes be very expensive and are prescribed due to influences by well-established pharmaceutical firms. It would be recommendable to consider an appropriate and affordable or reasonable price for such drugs which can still maintain reasonable profits for the firms other than negotiating human values. Virtue is an important aspect of professional ethics. Virtue is known as the trait and character of a person. It is certainly a basic conceptual foundation for ethical practice in pharmacy. The practitioner is expected to be virtuous over judgmental mistake that may lead to an ethically or morally wrong act. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical decision making in pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In case of the mistake, the blame would not automatically fall onto him/her, because the intention was out of utmost good faith. â€Å"The vultures of faith, fortitude, and compassion have been associ ated with and in some cases driven the moral motivation of health care practitioners† (Buerki and Vottero, 47) It is not necessarily right to state that a practitioner who makes morally defensible decisions is right since he/she may purposefully avoid other responsibilities, such as engaging other colleagues. A pharmacist may act out of royalty and good faith to the organization or management and tolerate the potential dangers of neglecting assigned duties of ensuring patients safety. Human virtues are held by individuals and they reflect the unique characters and believe of the person. Conclusion There are some virtues that most pharmacists believe are more essential for their practice today. Altruism is the good quality of being concern of the welfare of others. In pharmaceutical industries, altruism focuses on the attention to assist patients by providing medical care and being sensitive to their social issues. This calls for commitment, compassion and generosity. Equality is the virtue of being concern of the patient’s rights and, privileges. The virtue of justice emphasizes on non-discrimination by upholding all the morals and legal principals with required integrity. Work Cited Buerki, Robert and Louis Vottero. â€Å"Ethical Responsibility in Pharmacy Practice† Chicago: Amer. Inst. History of Pharmacy Publisher, 2002.

Living With Cystic Fibrosis CF

Living With Cystic Fibrosis CF Free Online Research Papers Seventy thousand children and adults worldwide are affected by Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Thirty thousand of that seventy thousand that are affected are in the United States. â€Å"CF is a chronic, progressive, and frequently fatal genetic disease of the body’s mucus gland,† (Parker and Parker 11). CF affects the digestive and respiratory systems of children and young adults. According to studies done by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), there are about thirty thousand Americans, three thousand Canadians, and twenty thousand Europeans with CF. CF is most common in whites whose ancestors came from northern Europe. Although it affects all races and ethnic groups it is a lot less common among African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans. Every year about two thousand five hundred babies are born with CF in the United States. Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disease. CF is a genetic disease because some individual’s basic building blocks of a gene are altered. This alteration is called a mutation which can cause the body to make defective protein or no protein at all. Children inherit this altered gene from one or both of their parents. For CF to be evident the child must have inherited two abnormal genes, one from each parent. About one in every twenty Americans is an unaffected carrier of an abnormal â€Å"CF gene.† That is about twelve million people who are usually unaware that they are carriers. â€Å"The recessive CF gene can occur in both boys and girls because it is located on non-sex-linked chromosomes called autonomic chromosomes. CF is therefore called an autonomic recessive genetic disease,† (Parker and Parker 14). The CF gene was first identified in 1989. In the past seventeen years a lot has been learned about this gene and its protein product. â€Å"The biochemical abnormality in CF results from a mutation in a gene that produces a protein responsible for the movement through the cell membranes of chloride ions. The protein is called cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR),† (Parker and Parker 16). When this protein is abnormal, â€Å"two of the hallmarks of CF result blockage of the movement of chloride ions and water in the lung and other cells and secretion of abnormal mucus,† (Parker and Parker 16). This makes it difficult for the body to keep organs and lungs clean and healthy because the mucus becomes thick and dry. The mutation that is involved with CF causes the deletion of three of the base pairs in the gene. This in turn, causes a decline in the CFTR protein of amino acid. Because phenylalanine is located in the position 508 of the protein chain, this mutant protein is called deltaF508 CFTR. However, deltaF508 CFTR accounts for only seventy to eighty percent of all CF cases. Various other mutations, over four hundred at the last count seem to be responsible for the remaining CF cases (Parker and Parker 17). Differences in the disease patterns seen in individuals and families probably result from the combined effects of the particular mutation and various, but yet still unknown, factors in the CF patient and his or her environment. There are many different symptoms of CF ranging from a blocked small intestine at birth to rectal pro-lapse which is where part of the rectum protrudes from the anus. One of the most obvious symptoms is salty sweat or skin. One of the most common ways to test for CF is a test called a sweat test. This test measures the amount of salt in a persons sweat. Though this test is most common it is not accurate with newborns because they do not produce enough sweat. Other obvious symptoms include a cough that does not go away, breathing problems, easily worn out from exercise or even regular activities, coughing up mucus that may contain blood or not wanting to eat causing weight loss. Colleen Cronin states in her research found on WebMD. COM, â€Å"On average people who live with cystic fibrosis will live into their mid thirties.† Depending on the stage of the disease depends on the actual life expectancy. The advancements in treatments are making it possible for patients to live into their forties and longer. Patients may live a normal life expectancy if they have mild CF. There are three main groups of different types of treatments; there is respiratory therapy which as Cronin states is a therapy that â€Å"slows down lung damage and improves breathing. The focus of this therapy is on reducing infection and getting rid of mucus to keep the lungs healthy.† Cronin also refers to a digestive therapy which â€Å"works to replace certain digestive enzymes, which make sure the body absorbs all the vitamins and minerals it needs, and prevents or treats intestinal blockages.† The third main group of treatment is antibiotics. There are two different types of antibiotics that Cronin talks about in her research; the first group â€Å"may be prescribed to help prevent infections while others may be prescribed to help fight infections.† Other ongoing treatments may include regular visits with the team of doctors involved with the patient’s case or a combination of treatments from the three main groups. If conditions get worse the doctor may order a chest x-ray, or a ct scan. If the patient experiences complications then the doctor may decide surgery is the best way to go. If surgery is needed the doctor may decide on a chest tube to drain the lungs or the doctor may decide that lung transplantation is the best option. Some patients and their families may find it easier to attend support groups or counseling to help them get through their treatments. Two major foundations that support CF are Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and Lungs for Life Foundation (LFL). LFL was established in 2000 in memory of Edward W. Wlodarski, who died in 1998. This foundation was established so they could provide short term financial assistance to help CF patients and families with emergencies, treatment assistance and special needs assistance. Their goal is to educate the public about CF and to raise funds for programs. CFF was founded in 1955. They are a non-profit donor supported organization. They are the leading organization in the United States. They currently have more then eighty chapters and offices nationwide and they support a network of more than one hundred fifteen accredited CF care centers. CFF hosts more than one thousand two hundred fund-raising events a year ranging from dinner dances to golf tournaments. The CFF is currently actively supporting at least twenty-five potential new treatments currently in development. One of CFF’s big donations every year is from what is considers CFF’s largest grass roots fund raiser, which is held in Bristol, Vermont. Between 1989 and 2005 they had donated more than five hundred ninety-eight thousand dollars. The organizers of this fund-raiser started this â€Å"three day stampede† in 1989 when their grand-daughter was born with CF the exact same day that the isolation of the defective gene was announced. The stampede is an amazing thing to be apart of. For three years now I have helped out in anyway possible. It is a three day event; there is a craft market, a lawn sale, a silent auction, a bake sale, dinner and dance, bingo, and a walk and roll a thon. Every year the biggest local country radio station does their Sunday morning flee market on site and donates their air time and money. At the stampede you can also see many of the children and teens who have CF from a five town area that go to the high school in Bristol. It is amazing to see what a community can to do to make a difference when there is some one they love affected by the disease. Cystic Fibrosis is not a disease we realize is so wide spread because the signs are not always obvious to the human eye. Just because it is not obvious to the human eye does not mean that it is any less serious. CF can be fatal and it cuts a persons life span down dramatically. Just think that there are about twenty thousand Americans who are carriers and do not even know it. Cystic Fibrosis is more serious than we know it. About LFL. Stephanie White. 2007

Organisational Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Structure - Essay Example le within the company as well as the company itself so that the end result is one on which everyone solemnly agree, that is to make the company thrive from a revenue-generating angle and image building aspect in the long run. The change in the organizations’ strategies as well as structures guarantee that the company is present and willing to do more than just provide products and services to the end consumers. It wants to make the people realize that the company is there and wants to do its very best by tailoring its strategies in such a manner that can only benefit them nonetheless. After all, a company or an organization without the target people is nothing more than an office set up with employees and employers working for no one, at the end of the day. Organization is a body of working people, having various types of persons with heterogeneous behaviors interlink with corporate goals and objectives. This cluster of people is grouped in different categories according to their working importance, caliber and productivity at various hierarchical levels. â€Å"The established pattern of relationships between the component parts of an organization, outlining both communication, control and authority patterns. Structure distinguishes the parts of an organization and delineates the relationship between them†. (Wilson and Rosenfeld, 1990) Functional OS divides the whole company people and departments into various functions they performed. This type of structure is focused on specialized divisions of workers and employees, hierarchical positions, impersonal rules of management and impersonal relations. Functional Have two types in practical form: Flat Functional Structure, also labeled as horizontal or broad structure, has many people at top level with various departments working under them. This type is typically bureaucratic style of business having complicated procedures and many people involved at various levels. When this structure flows down, one person